CA2267430C - Process for operation of a pem fuel cell unit - Google Patents
Process for operation of a pem fuel cell unit Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2267430C CA2267430C CA002267430A CA2267430A CA2267430C CA 2267430 C CA2267430 C CA 2267430C CA 002267430 A CA002267430 A CA 002267430A CA 2267430 A CA2267430 A CA 2267430A CA 2267430 C CA2267430 C CA 2267430C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- pem fuel
- cell block
- electrical current
- compressor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Abstract
This invention concerns a process for oper- ating a PEM fuel cell system (2) with at least one PEM fuel cell block (4) and an upstream compres- sor (8) the rotational speed of which is controlled. To regulate the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block (4) to a new set value I SN, in a first step, the rotational speed (n) of the compressor (8) is set at a maximum value n M and, in a second step, re- duced to a rotational speed n SN which corresponds to the new set value I SN. These measure provide improved dynamics for brief and rapid changes in load.
Description
Description Process for Operation of a PEM Fuel Cell Unit The invention pertains to a process for operation of a PEM
fuel cell unit.
Fuel cells permit direct generation of electrical power from hydrogen and oxygen with much better efficiency and much lower pollutant emissions than ordinary power generators. Moreover, they operate almost without noise.
In addition to these fundamental advantages, the fuel cell with a solid plastic elecarolyte (polymer electrolyte membrane - PEM) has additional po~,itive properties, like low operating temperature of less than 80°C, favorable overload behavior, limited voltage degradation and high lifetime, favorable load and temperature cycle behavior and the absence of a liquid corrosive electrolyte. Ln addition, it can also be used for operation with air from the surroundings instead of oxygen.
All these properties make PEM fuel cells operable with air almost ideal current generators, for example, for exhaust-free electrical operation of vehicles.
PEM fuel cells are not operable by themselves. A PEM fuel cell block, comprising a number of PEM fuel cells, an operating part and connected modular electronics are therefore assembled into a PEM fuel cell module. The equipment for supply with hydrogen H2 and air, for product water takeoff, for removal of waste heat, for moistening of the reactants and for separation of gas pollutants is combined in the operating part.
Important features that characterize operation of the PEM fuel cell unit with air are the air ratio 1 and volumetric air flow rate V~. The volumetric air flow rate VL
is a gauge of the amount of air flowing through the PEM fuel cell block. The air ratio 1 gives the additional air requirement during the reaction, if air from the surroundings is used instead of pure oxygen 02.
The required dynamics for brief and rapid load changes have proven to be a problem during operation of PEM
fuel cell units. An air supply for an air-operated fuel cell system is known from German Unexamined Patent Application 43 18 818, which uses a compressor. This compressor operates according to the displacement principle with a gap-sealed displacer. It also operates oil-free and has a speed spread of at least 1:10. By using a permanently excited synchronous motor, good partial load behavior of the compressor is achieved. However, this Unexamined Patent Application only describes the components with which this partial load behavior can be achieved.
The underlying task of the invention is therefore to provide a process for driving a PEM fuel cell unit that offers an operating mode for a compressor in order to achieve better dynamics for brief and rapid load changes.
This task is solved according t:o the invention by process for operating a PEM fuel cell unit with at least one PEM fuel cell block and a speed-controlled compressor connected upline, in which, to regulate the electrical current of the PEM fuel cell block from a valve T to a new larger reference valve ISN in a first step, the speed n of the compressor is set at a stipulated maximum value nM in the first step, the maximum value being greater than the value nSN corresponding to the new reference value ISN of the electrical current and then in a second step the speed n of the compressor is reduced to the value n~N corresponding to the new reference value ISN.
Improved dynamics for brief and rapid load changes are achieved by this process. It is therefore particularly suited for an electrical drive of vehicles, for example, for operation of a forklift.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block is preferably continuously recorded as control quantity by a current feedback sensor. During control, the electrical current I is recorded continuously as the quantity to be controlled, compared with another quantity, the reference quantity, and influenced in the direction of adjustment to the reference quantity. A characteristic of control is the closed process in which the electrical current I is continuously influenced by itself as control quantity in the loop of the control circuit.
The new reference value ISN of the electrical current I of the PEM field cell block is stipulated as reference quantity by a set-paint adjuster.
In another embodiment the electrical current I is compared continuously as control quantity with the new reference value ISN of the electrical current I.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block is preferably influenced as a function of the speed n of the compressor.
fuel cell unit.
Fuel cells permit direct generation of electrical power from hydrogen and oxygen with much better efficiency and much lower pollutant emissions than ordinary power generators. Moreover, they operate almost without noise.
In addition to these fundamental advantages, the fuel cell with a solid plastic elecarolyte (polymer electrolyte membrane - PEM) has additional po~,itive properties, like low operating temperature of less than 80°C, favorable overload behavior, limited voltage degradation and high lifetime, favorable load and temperature cycle behavior and the absence of a liquid corrosive electrolyte. Ln addition, it can also be used for operation with air from the surroundings instead of oxygen.
All these properties make PEM fuel cells operable with air almost ideal current generators, for example, for exhaust-free electrical operation of vehicles.
PEM fuel cells are not operable by themselves. A PEM fuel cell block, comprising a number of PEM fuel cells, an operating part and connected modular electronics are therefore assembled into a PEM fuel cell module. The equipment for supply with hydrogen H2 and air, for product water takeoff, for removal of waste heat, for moistening of the reactants and for separation of gas pollutants is combined in the operating part.
Important features that characterize operation of the PEM fuel cell unit with air are the air ratio 1 and volumetric air flow rate V~. The volumetric air flow rate VL
is a gauge of the amount of air flowing through the PEM fuel cell block. The air ratio 1 gives the additional air requirement during the reaction, if air from the surroundings is used instead of pure oxygen 02.
The required dynamics for brief and rapid load changes have proven to be a problem during operation of PEM
fuel cell units. An air supply for an air-operated fuel cell system is known from German Unexamined Patent Application 43 18 818, which uses a compressor. This compressor operates according to the displacement principle with a gap-sealed displacer. It also operates oil-free and has a speed spread of at least 1:10. By using a permanently excited synchronous motor, good partial load behavior of the compressor is achieved. However, this Unexamined Patent Application only describes the components with which this partial load behavior can be achieved.
The underlying task of the invention is therefore to provide a process for driving a PEM fuel cell unit that offers an operating mode for a compressor in order to achieve better dynamics for brief and rapid load changes.
This task is solved according t:o the invention by process for operating a PEM fuel cell unit with at least one PEM fuel cell block and a speed-controlled compressor connected upline, in which, to regulate the electrical current of the PEM fuel cell block from a valve T to a new larger reference valve ISN in a first step, the speed n of the compressor is set at a stipulated maximum value nM in the first step, the maximum value being greater than the value nSN corresponding to the new reference value ISN of the electrical current and then in a second step the speed n of the compressor is reduced to the value n~N corresponding to the new reference value ISN.
Improved dynamics for brief and rapid load changes are achieved by this process. It is therefore particularly suited for an electrical drive of vehicles, for example, for operation of a forklift.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block is preferably continuously recorded as control quantity by a current feedback sensor. During control, the electrical current I is recorded continuously as the quantity to be controlled, compared with another quantity, the reference quantity, and influenced in the direction of adjustment to the reference quantity. A characteristic of control is the closed process in which the electrical current I is continuously influenced by itself as control quantity in the loop of the control circuit.
The new reference value ISN of the electrical current I of the PEM field cell block is stipulated as reference quantity by a set-paint adjuster.
In another embodiment the electrical current I is compared continuously as control quantity with the new reference value ISN of the electrical current I.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block is preferably influenced as a function of the speed n of the compressor.
In particular, an air valve connected after the PEM fuel cell block is adjusted so that. at maximum speed nM of the compressor and at maximum electrical. current I of the PEM fuel cell block, the volumetric air flow VL through it corresponds to a stipulated air ratio 1. By this expedient, optimized operating conditions are created for the PEM fuel cell unit, like appropriate operating pressure of the working medium in the PEM fuel cell block c~r constancy of the air ratio 1 with varying electrical current I, by controlling the speed n of the compressor.
For further explanation of the invention, the practical example of the drawing is referred to, in whose only figure a PEM fuel cell unit with a. PEM fuel cell block and a speed-controlled compressor connected upline is schematically depicted.
According to the figure, a PEM fuel cell unit 2 comprises a PEM fuel cell block 4 assembled from a number of PEM fuel cells. The PEM fuel cell unit 2, for example, is part of an electrically operated vehicle, for example, a car, a bus or a forklift.
Hydrogen H2 and air from 'the surroundings are used as operating medium, for example, to drive the PEM fuel cell unit 2.
Air is fed into the PEM fuel cell block via an inlet 6 for electrochemical reaction within the PEM fuel cell block 4. A
speed-controlled co:~pressor 8 is connected in inlet 6 upline of the PEM fuel cell block 4 in order to provide the appropriate volumetric air flow rate VL for the PEM fuel cell block 4.
For further explanation of the invention, the practical example of the drawing is referred to, in whose only figure a PEM fuel cell unit with a. PEM fuel cell block and a speed-controlled compressor connected upline is schematically depicted.
According to the figure, a PEM fuel cell unit 2 comprises a PEM fuel cell block 4 assembled from a number of PEM fuel cells. The PEM fuel cell unit 2, for example, is part of an electrically operated vehicle, for example, a car, a bus or a forklift.
Hydrogen H2 and air from 'the surroundings are used as operating medium, for example, to drive the PEM fuel cell unit 2.
Air is fed into the PEM fuel cell block via an inlet 6 for electrochemical reaction within the PEM fuel cell block 4. A
speed-controlled co:~pressor 8 is connected in inlet 6 upline of the PEM fuel cell block 4 in order to provide the appropriate volumetric air flow rate VL for the PEM fuel cell block 4.
The air not consumed during the electrochemical reaction in the PEM fuel cell block 46 is discharged from it via an outlet 10. An air valve 12 is arranged in outlet 10. This air valve 12 connected downline of the PEM fuel cell block 4 in the outlet 10 is set so that at maximum speed nM of the speed-controlled compressor 8 and at maximum electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block ~: the volumetric air flow rate VL
through the PEM fuel cell. block 4 corresponds to a stipulated air ratio 1.
The electrical current I generated in the PEM fuel cell block 4 during the electrochemical reaction is supplied via an electrical line 14 to a consumer 16. The consumer 16, for example, is the electric motor of the electrically driven vehicle.
A current feedback sensor 18 for continuous recording of the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4 is connected in electrical line 14 between the PEM fuel cell block 4 and consumer 16.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4 is switched to a control unit 22 via a line 20 as control quantity. In addition, a new reference value ISN of the electrical current I is switched as reference quantity for the consumer 16 to the contrcl unit 22 via a signal line 24 with a set-point adjuster 30. The set-point adjuster 30 in an electrically operated vehicle is, for example, the gas pedal.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4, which is continuously recorded with the current actual sensor 18, is continuously compared in the control unit 22 with the new reference value ISN of the electrical current I.
through the PEM fuel cell. block 4 corresponds to a stipulated air ratio 1.
The electrical current I generated in the PEM fuel cell block 4 during the electrochemical reaction is supplied via an electrical line 14 to a consumer 16. The consumer 16, for example, is the electric motor of the electrically driven vehicle.
A current feedback sensor 18 for continuous recording of the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4 is connected in electrical line 14 between the PEM fuel cell block 4 and consumer 16.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4 is switched to a control unit 22 via a line 20 as control quantity. In addition, a new reference value ISN of the electrical current I is switched as reference quantity for the consumer 16 to the contrcl unit 22 via a signal line 24 with a set-point adjuster 30. The set-point adjuster 30 in an electrically operated vehicle is, for example, the gas pedal.
The electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4, which is continuously recorded with the current actual sensor 18, is continuously compared in the control unit 22 with the new reference value ISN of the electrical current I.
As output signal of the control unit 22 a speed nSN for the speed-controlled ccmpres~>or 8 adjusted to the new reference value ISN is switched to vhe compressor via an electrical signal line 26. If the ;peed-controlled compressor 8 is now operated with speed nSN, i3 Volumetric air flow rate VL is fed into the PEM fuel cell block 4 which permits this to generate the new reference value ISN of electrical current I and supply it to consumer 16.
The loop that controls tr~,e electrical current I of the PEM
fuel cell block 4 is thus. composed of the electrical line 14, the current feedback sensor 18, the consumer 16, the electrical signal line 2G, the control unit 22, the set-point adjuster 30 with the electrical signal line 24, the electrical signal line 26, the speed.-controlled compressor 8 and the part of the inlet 6 arranged between compressor 8 and the PEM fuel cell block 4. The direction of action is shown by arrows 28.
In this process for operating a PEM fuel cell unit 2, to control the electrical current I the PEM fuel cell block 4 from a first to a second reference value, in other words to the new reference value ISN, the speed n of the compressor 8 is set in a first step at a maximum value nM and reduced in a second step to a speed nsi, corresponding to the new reference value ISN of the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4.
During control a control quantity I is continuously compared with the reference guantity ISN. Adjustment of control quantity I to the reference quantity ISN occurs in control unit 22 according to Faraday's law:
The loop that controls tr~,e electrical current I of the PEM
fuel cell block 4 is thus. composed of the electrical line 14, the current feedback sensor 18, the consumer 16, the electrical signal line 2G, the control unit 22, the set-point adjuster 30 with the electrical signal line 24, the electrical signal line 26, the speed.-controlled compressor 8 and the part of the inlet 6 arranged between compressor 8 and the PEM fuel cell block 4. The direction of action is shown by arrows 28.
In this process for operating a PEM fuel cell unit 2, to control the electrical current I the PEM fuel cell block 4 from a first to a second reference value, in other words to the new reference value ISN, the speed n of the compressor 8 is set in a first step at a maximum value nM and reduced in a second step to a speed nsi, corresponding to the new reference value ISN of the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block 4.
During control a control quantity I is continuously compared with the reference guantity ISN. Adjustment of control quantity I to the reference quantity ISN occurs in control unit 22 according to Faraday's law:
VL - ~ * 0.2091 * I * nB * - TL
0. 21 in which VL is the volumetri~~ air flow rate through the PEM fuel cell block 4 in 1/h, is the air ratio, 0.2091 * I * n is the volumetric flow rate of oxygen OZ in 1/h through the fuel cell block 4 calculated according to Faraday's law, I is the electrical current generated in the PEM fuel cell block 4 in A and ns is the number of PEM fuel cells in the PEM fuel cell block 4, 0.21 is the volume fraction of oxygen 02 in the air and TL is the temperature of the air flowing through the PEM fuel cell block 4 in K.
A specified value VL of the volumetric air flow rate through the PEM fuel cell block 9, which is necessary to generate electrical current I, therefore corresponds to each value I of the electrical current generated in the PEM fuel cell block 4.
In addition, an apparatus. characteristic curve for the speed-controlled compressor 8 is entered in the control unit, which gives the volumetric air flow rate VL produced by the compressor 8 and fed into the PEM fuel cell block 4 at each speed n.
As initial quantity of control unit 22 an adjusted speed nref is therefore switched to the speed-controlled compressor 8, which corresponds to a specified volumetric flow rate VL to generate the new reference value ISN of electrical current I in the PEM fuel cell block 9 according to Faraday's law and the apparatus characteristic curve.
Improved dynamics are acrieved by this operating mode for brief and rapid load char..ges. It is therefore particularly suited for the electrical drive of vehicles.
_g_
0. 21 in which VL is the volumetri~~ air flow rate through the PEM fuel cell block 4 in 1/h, is the air ratio, 0.2091 * I * n is the volumetric flow rate of oxygen OZ in 1/h through the fuel cell block 4 calculated according to Faraday's law, I is the electrical current generated in the PEM fuel cell block 4 in A and ns is the number of PEM fuel cells in the PEM fuel cell block 4, 0.21 is the volume fraction of oxygen 02 in the air and TL is the temperature of the air flowing through the PEM fuel cell block 4 in K.
A specified value VL of the volumetric air flow rate through the PEM fuel cell block 9, which is necessary to generate electrical current I, therefore corresponds to each value I of the electrical current generated in the PEM fuel cell block 4.
In addition, an apparatus. characteristic curve for the speed-controlled compressor 8 is entered in the control unit, which gives the volumetric air flow rate VL produced by the compressor 8 and fed into the PEM fuel cell block 4 at each speed n.
As initial quantity of control unit 22 an adjusted speed nref is therefore switched to the speed-controlled compressor 8, which corresponds to a specified volumetric flow rate VL to generate the new reference value ISN of electrical current I in the PEM fuel cell block 9 according to Faraday's law and the apparatus characteristic curve.
Improved dynamics are acrieved by this operating mode for brief and rapid load char..ges. It is therefore particularly suited for the electrical drive of vehicles.
_g_
Claims (6)
1. Process for operating a PEM fuel cell unit (2) with at least one PEM fuel cell block (4) and a speed-controlled compressor (8) connected upline, in which, to regulate the electrical current of the PEM fuel cell block from a valve I to a new larger reference valve I SN in a first step, the speed n of the compressor (8) is set at a stipulated maximum value n M in the first step, the maximum value being greater than the value n SN corresponding to the new reference value I SN of the electrical current and then in a second step the speed n of the compressor (8) is reduced to the value n SN corresponding to the new reference value I SN.
2. Process according to Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block (4) is continuously recorded as control quantity by a current feedback sensor (18).
3. Process according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the new reference value I SN of the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block (4) is stipulated as reference quantity by a set-point adjuster (30).
4. Process according to Claim 3, characterized by the fact that the electrical current I is continuously compared as control quantity with the new reference value I SN of the electrical current I as reference quantity.
5. Process according to Claim 4, characterized by the fact that the electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block (4) is influenced as a function of the speed n of compressor (8).
6. Process according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that an air valve (12) connected downline of the PEM fuel cell block (4) is set so that, at maximum speed n M of the compressor (8) and at maximum electrical current I of the PEM fuel cell block (4), the volumetric air flow rate through it corresponds to a stipulated air ratio 1.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19640808.3 | 1996-10-02 | ||
| DE19640808A DE19640808C1 (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1996-10-02 | Operating Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell system with fuel-cell block and compressor e.g. for vehicle electric drive |
| PCT/DE1997/002103 WO1998015022A1 (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1997-09-18 | Process for supplying with air a polymer electrolyte membrane (pem) fuel cell system |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2267430A1 CA2267430A1 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
| CA2267430C true CA2267430C (en) | 2003-11-25 |
Family
ID=7807773
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002267430A Expired - Fee Related CA2267430C (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1997-09-18 | Process for operation of a pem fuel cell unit |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6110611A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0950267B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3573756B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE218755T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2267430C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19640808C1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998015022A1 (en) |
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| US5290641A (en) * | 1989-10-06 | 1994-03-01 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Method of controlling operation of fuel cell power supply |
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| DE4318818C2 (en) * | 1993-06-07 | 1995-05-04 | Daimler Benz Ag | Method and device for providing conditioned process air for air-breathing fuel cell systems |
| DE4322765C1 (en) * | 1993-07-08 | 1994-06-16 | Daimler Benz Ag | Dynamic power regulation system for vehicle electric drive unit - regulates power output delivered by fuel cell using correction of oxidant mass flow rate |
| JP3384059B2 (en) * | 1993-11-12 | 2003-03-10 | 富士電機株式会社 | Fuel cell generator |
| JPH0845525A (en) * | 1994-08-02 | 1996-02-16 | Mazda Motor Corp | Control device of fuel cell |
| DE19541575C2 (en) * | 1995-11-08 | 1998-12-17 | Dbb Fuel Cell Engines Gmbh | Method for determining a load setpoint for a load-dependent power generation system in an electric vehicle |
-
1996
- 1996-10-02 DE DE19640808A patent/DE19640808C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-09-18 CA CA002267430A patent/CA2267430C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-18 AT AT97910207T patent/ATE218755T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-18 DE DE59707449T patent/DE59707449D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-18 JP JP51611498A patent/JP3573756B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-18 WO PCT/DE1997/002103 patent/WO1998015022A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-09-18 EP EP97910207A patent/EP0950267B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-04-01 US US09/283,904 patent/US6110611A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59707449D1 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
| WO1998015022A1 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
| EP0950267A1 (en) | 1999-10-20 |
| CA2267430A1 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
| JP3573756B2 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
| US6110611A (en) | 2000-08-29 |
| EP0950267B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
| DE19640808C1 (en) | 1997-11-27 |
| ATE218755T1 (en) | 2002-06-15 |
| JP2000503799A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |