CA2049218A1 - Block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls - Google Patents
Block particularly for building loose-laid retaining wallsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2049218A1 CA2049218A1 CA002049218A CA2049218A CA2049218A1 CA 2049218 A1 CA2049218 A1 CA 2049218A1 CA 002049218 A CA002049218 A CA 002049218A CA 2049218 A CA2049218 A CA 2049218A CA 2049218 A1 CA2049218 A1 CA 2049218A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- block
- blocks
- abutment
- laid
- walls
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
- E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/025—Retaining or protecting walls made up of similar modular elements stacked without mortar
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Retaining Walls (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The block has a cambered front radiused to tapering side walls. The side walls have, in the portion radiused to the front, mutually opposite insertion-coupling members and seats for accommodating the insertion-coupling members of an adjacent block. The block furthermore has, at an upper part thereof, an abutment for engagement with a supporting element defined on a lower part at the front of an adjacent block.
The block has a cambered front radiused to tapering side walls. The side walls have, in the portion radiused to the front, mutually opposite insertion-coupling members and seats for accommodating the insertion-coupling members of an adjacent block. The block furthermore has, at an upper part thereof, an abutment for engagement with a supporting element defined on a lower part at the front of an adjacent block.
Description
The present invention relates to a block particularly for building retaining walls, and especially for building loose-laid retaining walls.
Special bricks or panels are used in the building of 5 loose-laid or dry-laid walls for ground containment or for environmental decoration; said special bricks or panels have different front shapes and usually have a raised portion for engagement between successive stacked rows. Loose-laid containment or retaining walls built with these special lo bricks or panels usually have an awkward upward sloping orientation. Furthermore, a constant and congpicuous indentation pitch occurs between stacked rows of special bricks due to the thickness of the raised engagement portion.
Said special bricks are usually not provided with mutual lateral elements for retention among flanking special bricks. If they are, they are usually obtained by means of flanges added to the row of special bricks after laying, and this entails a further expenditure of labor during the 20 building of the loose-laid retaining wall.
Said special bricks, despite having specificallY
executed angle elements, furthermore usually have mutually parallel side walls, thus entailing considerable problems during the building of curved containment walls.
The aim of the present invention is to eliminate or substantially reduce the problems described above in known types of special bricks by providing a block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls which substantiallY
-. ~.::
~` '';`' :
3 2 ~
reduces the upward sloping of the containment wall.
Within the scope of the above aim, an object of the present invention is to provide a block which eliminates the use of flanges for connection between mutually adjacent 5 blocks.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a block which facilitates the building of curved retaining walls with curves having mutually complementary radii.
Not least object of the present invention is to provide lO a block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls which is relatively easy to manufacture at competitive C08t8 .
This aim, the objects mentioned and others which will become apparent hereinafter are achieved ~y a.block, 15 particularly for building retaining walls, according to the invention, which comprises a cambered front, characterized in that it comprises tapering side walls each of which has, in its portion connected to said front, selective insertion-coupling means and seats for accommodating insertion-20 coupling means of an adjacent block, said block beingfurthermore provided above with an abutment for supporting means defined in the lower part of said front.
Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description of a preferred but 25 not exclusive embodiment of a block according to the invention, illustrated only by way of non-limitative example in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
figure 1 is a perspective top view of a block according to the invention with a ground retention net;
figure 2 is a perspective bottom view of a block according to the invention;
figure 3 is a plan view of a row of blocks arranged side by side and mutually interconnected;
figure 4 is a partially sectional plan view of the stacking of layers of blocks;
figure 5 i5 an elevation view of layers of stacked blocks;
figure 6 is an elevation view of an example of a 10 retaining wall built with blocks according to the invention and ground retention nets or the like;
figure 7 is a plan view of layers of stacked blocks;
and figure 8 i8 a perspective view of a containment wall 15 built with blocks according to the invention.
With reference to figures 1 and 2, a block, generally indicated by the reference numeral 1, comprises a cambered front 2 which is substantially radiused to tapering side walls 3a and 3b which are in turn radiused to a back wall 4.
20 The block 1 substantially has the shape of an equilateral trapezoid.
The side walls 3a and 3b have, in their portion radiused to the front 2, insertion-coupling means, indicated by the reference numeral 5, which protrude from the radiused 25 portion, and accommodation seats, indicated by the reference numeral 6, recessed within the radiused portion, for accommodating the insertion-coupling means 5 of an adjacent block. The block 1 furthermore has an abutment 7, which extends upwardly with respect to the block 1, for : .:
.. . ~: .
engagement with supporting means 8 defined in the lower part of the front 2 of an adjacent block.
The insertion-coupling means 5 and the accommodation seats 6 substantially have the shape of a circular sector, 5 as illustrated in the above mentioned figures. ~his shape allows to vary, as illustrated in figure 3, the angle of engagement between two mutually flanking blocks 1. In this manner it is possible to continuously vary the shape of the resulting wall, in particular in order to maintain, for 10 example, the natural shape of escarpments which are thus protected and retained.
The abutment 7 and the supporting means 8 have mutually different geometries; in particular, the abutment 7 is substantially shaped like a segment of a straight line, 15 whereas the supporting mea~s 8 have the shape of an arc of a circumference. The coupling of these different configurations, as more clearly illustrated in ~igure 4, allows to also build containment walls with a very slight volute-like shape; the coupling between a straight segment 20 and an arc of circumference in fact allows a very large number of points of contact, as is well known in geometry.
The block 1 furthermore comprises weight-reducing holes 9 which are defined within the body of said block a~d can accommodate filling material or supports of the loo~e-laid 25 or dry-laid retaining walls. The supporting planes between a block 1 and the upper or lower block are planar, with upper abutments 7 and lower supporting means 8.
A retaining wall, as illustrated in figures 5 to 8, comprises a plurality of blocks l, as previously described, 30 arranged mutually side by side in rows and stacked. Ground 6 ~3 ~ n~ t,) reinforcement means, u~ually constituted by ground retention nets 10 or the like, such as for example strips of appropriate fabric, or engagement brackets, can be inserted between one layer of blocks 1 and the other with no coupling 5 to said blocks.
As illustrated in figure 6, the ground retention nets 10 are interposed between the layers of blocks 1 and extend into the ground. The building of a loose-laid or dry-laid containment wall with the blocks 1 according to the 10 invention comprises the execution of the foundations, i.e.
the base perimeter of the escarpment to be contained i9 initially removed in order to obtain a supporting plane for the ground retention nets 10 and~or a channel for accommodatlng the base layer of blocks 1 or a channel in 15 which a bed for the base layer of blocks 1 is cast. Once the ground retention net 10 is deposited on the stripped ground and on the layer of blocks 1, with the ground retention net engaged between the layer of blocks and the foundations or between the layer of blocks and the supporting ground, a 20 layer of soil is spread on said ground retention net and i5 compacted with a light compaction machine in the vicinity of the wall and with a heavy compaction machine elsewhere. The immediately overlying layer, and the other layers until the retaining wall is completed, are executed in the ~ame 25 manner, except that the ground retention net is deposited on the previously laid soil, after compaction, and on the layer of blocks, whereas the subsequent layer of blocks is placed on the preceding layer of blocks, locking the ground retention nets between the layers of blocks.
SO The weight-reducing holes 9 can either be filled with ' . :....
soil or act as seats for supports or guides, such as poles and the like, for building said containment wall.
It has been observed that a block according to the invention achieves the proposed aim and ohjects, and furthermore constitutes a valid system, in association with 5 groùnd retention nets or the like, for ground containment with loose-laid walls. The block furthermore effectivelY
contributes to the building of non-rectilinear retaining walls or more precisely of walls comprising circular sectors with complementary radii, such as for example ~-shaped 10 walls.
The invention thus conceived is susceptible to numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the inventive concept. For example, the abutment 7 and the supporting means 8 can have an identical straight 15 geometry to provide straight containment walls more easily.
The ground retention nets or the like can furthermore be engaged with the block by means of hooks, rods or the like fixed to the blocks according to the invention.
All the details may furthermore be replaced with other 20 technically equivalent elements.
In practice, the materials employed, as well as the dimensions, may be any according to the requirements.
' :
Special bricks or panels are used in the building of 5 loose-laid or dry-laid walls for ground containment or for environmental decoration; said special bricks or panels have different front shapes and usually have a raised portion for engagement between successive stacked rows. Loose-laid containment or retaining walls built with these special lo bricks or panels usually have an awkward upward sloping orientation. Furthermore, a constant and congpicuous indentation pitch occurs between stacked rows of special bricks due to the thickness of the raised engagement portion.
Said special bricks are usually not provided with mutual lateral elements for retention among flanking special bricks. If they are, they are usually obtained by means of flanges added to the row of special bricks after laying, and this entails a further expenditure of labor during the 20 building of the loose-laid retaining wall.
Said special bricks, despite having specificallY
executed angle elements, furthermore usually have mutually parallel side walls, thus entailing considerable problems during the building of curved containment walls.
The aim of the present invention is to eliminate or substantially reduce the problems described above in known types of special bricks by providing a block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls which substantiallY
-. ~.::
~` '';`' :
3 2 ~
reduces the upward sloping of the containment wall.
Within the scope of the above aim, an object of the present invention is to provide a block which eliminates the use of flanges for connection between mutually adjacent 5 blocks.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a block which facilitates the building of curved retaining walls with curves having mutually complementary radii.
Not least object of the present invention is to provide lO a block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls which is relatively easy to manufacture at competitive C08t8 .
This aim, the objects mentioned and others which will become apparent hereinafter are achieved ~y a.block, 15 particularly for building retaining walls, according to the invention, which comprises a cambered front, characterized in that it comprises tapering side walls each of which has, in its portion connected to said front, selective insertion-coupling means and seats for accommodating insertion-20 coupling means of an adjacent block, said block beingfurthermore provided above with an abutment for supporting means defined in the lower part of said front.
Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description of a preferred but 25 not exclusive embodiment of a block according to the invention, illustrated only by way of non-limitative example in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
figure 1 is a perspective top view of a block according to the invention with a ground retention net;
figure 2 is a perspective bottom view of a block according to the invention;
figure 3 is a plan view of a row of blocks arranged side by side and mutually interconnected;
figure 4 is a partially sectional plan view of the stacking of layers of blocks;
figure 5 i5 an elevation view of layers of stacked blocks;
figure 6 is an elevation view of an example of a 10 retaining wall built with blocks according to the invention and ground retention nets or the like;
figure 7 is a plan view of layers of stacked blocks;
and figure 8 i8 a perspective view of a containment wall 15 built with blocks according to the invention.
With reference to figures 1 and 2, a block, generally indicated by the reference numeral 1, comprises a cambered front 2 which is substantially radiused to tapering side walls 3a and 3b which are in turn radiused to a back wall 4.
20 The block 1 substantially has the shape of an equilateral trapezoid.
The side walls 3a and 3b have, in their portion radiused to the front 2, insertion-coupling means, indicated by the reference numeral 5, which protrude from the radiused 25 portion, and accommodation seats, indicated by the reference numeral 6, recessed within the radiused portion, for accommodating the insertion-coupling means 5 of an adjacent block. The block 1 furthermore has an abutment 7, which extends upwardly with respect to the block 1, for : .:
.. . ~: .
engagement with supporting means 8 defined in the lower part of the front 2 of an adjacent block.
The insertion-coupling means 5 and the accommodation seats 6 substantially have the shape of a circular sector, 5 as illustrated in the above mentioned figures. ~his shape allows to vary, as illustrated in figure 3, the angle of engagement between two mutually flanking blocks 1. In this manner it is possible to continuously vary the shape of the resulting wall, in particular in order to maintain, for 10 example, the natural shape of escarpments which are thus protected and retained.
The abutment 7 and the supporting means 8 have mutually different geometries; in particular, the abutment 7 is substantially shaped like a segment of a straight line, 15 whereas the supporting mea~s 8 have the shape of an arc of a circumference. The coupling of these different configurations, as more clearly illustrated in ~igure 4, allows to also build containment walls with a very slight volute-like shape; the coupling between a straight segment 20 and an arc of circumference in fact allows a very large number of points of contact, as is well known in geometry.
The block 1 furthermore comprises weight-reducing holes 9 which are defined within the body of said block a~d can accommodate filling material or supports of the loo~e-laid 25 or dry-laid retaining walls. The supporting planes between a block 1 and the upper or lower block are planar, with upper abutments 7 and lower supporting means 8.
A retaining wall, as illustrated in figures 5 to 8, comprises a plurality of blocks l, as previously described, 30 arranged mutually side by side in rows and stacked. Ground 6 ~3 ~ n~ t,) reinforcement means, u~ually constituted by ground retention nets 10 or the like, such as for example strips of appropriate fabric, or engagement brackets, can be inserted between one layer of blocks 1 and the other with no coupling 5 to said blocks.
As illustrated in figure 6, the ground retention nets 10 are interposed between the layers of blocks 1 and extend into the ground. The building of a loose-laid or dry-laid containment wall with the blocks 1 according to the 10 invention comprises the execution of the foundations, i.e.
the base perimeter of the escarpment to be contained i9 initially removed in order to obtain a supporting plane for the ground retention nets 10 and~or a channel for accommodatlng the base layer of blocks 1 or a channel in 15 which a bed for the base layer of blocks 1 is cast. Once the ground retention net 10 is deposited on the stripped ground and on the layer of blocks 1, with the ground retention net engaged between the layer of blocks and the foundations or between the layer of blocks and the supporting ground, a 20 layer of soil is spread on said ground retention net and i5 compacted with a light compaction machine in the vicinity of the wall and with a heavy compaction machine elsewhere. The immediately overlying layer, and the other layers until the retaining wall is completed, are executed in the ~ame 25 manner, except that the ground retention net is deposited on the previously laid soil, after compaction, and on the layer of blocks, whereas the subsequent layer of blocks is placed on the preceding layer of blocks, locking the ground retention nets between the layers of blocks.
SO The weight-reducing holes 9 can either be filled with ' . :....
soil or act as seats for supports or guides, such as poles and the like, for building said containment wall.
It has been observed that a block according to the invention achieves the proposed aim and ohjects, and furthermore constitutes a valid system, in association with 5 groùnd retention nets or the like, for ground containment with loose-laid walls. The block furthermore effectivelY
contributes to the building of non-rectilinear retaining walls or more precisely of walls comprising circular sectors with complementary radii, such as for example ~-shaped 10 walls.
The invention thus conceived is susceptible to numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the inventive concept. For example, the abutment 7 and the supporting means 8 can have an identical straight 15 geometry to provide straight containment walls more easily.
The ground retention nets or the like can furthermore be engaged with the block by means of hooks, rods or the like fixed to the blocks according to the invention.
All the details may furthermore be replaced with other 20 technically equivalent elements.
In practice, the materials employed, as well as the dimensions, may be any according to the requirements.
' :
Claims (8)
1. Block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls, comprising a cambered front and tapering side walls each of which has, in its portion connected to said front, selective insertion-coupling means and seats for accommodating insertion-coupling means of an adjacent block, said block being furthermore provided with an abutment for supporting means defined in the lower part of said front.
2. Block according to claim 1, wherein said insertion-coupling means and said accommodation seats substantially have the shape of a circular sector, said shape being suitable for varying the angle of engagement between two mutually flanking blocks.
3. Block according to claim 1, wherein said abutment and said supporting means have mutually different geometries.
4. Block according to claim 3, wherein said abutment is substantially shaped like a segment of a straight line and said supporting means are shaped like an arc of a circumference.
5. Block according to claim 1, comprising weight-reducing holes defined within the body of said block and suitable for accommodating filling material or supports of said loose-laid containment walls.
6. Retaining wall, comprising a plurality of blocks arranged mutually side by side in rows and stacked, each of said blocks comprising a cambered front and tapering side walls each of which has, in its portion connected to said front, selective insertion-coupling means and seats for accommodating insertion-coupling means of an adjacent block, said block being furthermore provided with an abutment for supporting means defined in the lower part of said front.
7. Retaining wall according to claim 6, comprising ground reinforcement means interposed between said stacked rows of said blocks,
8. Containment wall according to claim 7, wherein said reinforcement means comprise ground retention nets.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT21289A/90 | 1990-08-20 | ||
| IT02128990A IT1243057B (en) | 1990-08-20 | 1990-08-20 | BLOCK PARTICULARLY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF DRY CONTAINMENT WALLS |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2049218A1 true CA2049218A1 (en) | 1992-02-21 |
Family
ID=11179605
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002049218A Abandoned CA2049218A1 (en) | 1990-08-20 | 1991-08-14 | Block particularly for building loose-laid retaining walls |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5214898A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0472993B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2049218A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69104932T2 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1243057B (en) |
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| US5326193A (en) * | 1993-02-25 | 1994-07-05 | Peterson Daryl L | Interlocking retaining wall apparatus |
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| US5624211A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1997-04-29 | Societe Civile Des Brevets Henri C. Vidal | Modular block retaining wall construction and components |
| US5507599A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1996-04-16 | Societe Civile Des Brevets Henri C. Vidal | Modular block retaining wall construction and components |
| GB9313095D0 (en) | 1993-06-24 | 1993-08-11 | Vidal Henri Brevets | Earth structures |
| SG52467A1 (en) * | 1993-08-30 | 1998-09-28 | Reinforced Earth Co | Earthen work with wire mesh facing |
| JPH09501999A (en) * | 1993-08-30 | 1997-02-25 | ザ・レインフォースド・アース・カンパニー | Reinforced soil structure with wire mesh protective layer |
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| USD688813S1 (en) | 2012-04-19 | 2013-08-27 | Keystone Retaining Wall Systems Llc | Landscaping block |
| CA2872256C (en) | 2012-04-19 | 2018-03-20 | Keystone Retaining Wall Systems Llc | Wall block and wall block system |
| USD720087S1 (en) | 2012-12-06 | 2014-12-23 | Keystone Retaining Wall Systems Llc | Wall |
| EP2959065B1 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2023-11-01 | Les Matériaux de Construction Oldcastle Canada, Inc. | Wall assembly |
| CN104818731A (en) * | 2015-05-06 | 2015-08-05 | 安徽普氏生态环境工程有限公司 | Combined ecological retaining wall building block and construction technology thereof |
| CN107447610A (en) * | 2017-06-11 | 2017-12-08 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | A kind of high-speed railway transition segment structure and construction method |
| USD846760S1 (en) | 2017-10-25 | 2019-04-23 | Keystone Retaining Wall Systems Llc | Wall block |
| US10760269B2 (en) | 2017-10-25 | 2020-09-01 | Keystone Retaining Wall Systems Llc | Retaining wall block and retaining wall block system |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US849984A (en) * | 1905-06-27 | 1907-04-09 | Thomas Dougherty | Grain-bin. |
| US894122A (en) * | 1907-11-07 | 1908-07-21 | Thomas Dougherty | Grain-bit. |
| US1063218A (en) * | 1912-10-04 | 1913-06-03 | George Reuben Hill | Sewer-pipe section. |
| US1264689A (en) * | 1914-10-31 | 1918-04-30 | Enos F Schlichter | Silo. |
| US1296559A (en) * | 1915-01-14 | 1919-03-04 | George R Hill | Structural block. |
| US1383166A (en) * | 1918-02-11 | 1921-06-28 | William P Chase | Masonry silo |
| US4329089A (en) * | 1979-07-12 | 1982-05-11 | Hilfiker Pipe Company | Method and apparatus for retaining earthen formations through means of wire structures |
| FR2591254B1 (en) * | 1985-12-11 | 1990-07-27 | Comelli Didier | CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT TO BE ASSEMBLED BY BUILT-IN, WITH OR WITHOUT MACON VERTICAL JOINT |
| US4661023A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1987-04-28 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Riveted plate connector for retaining wall face panels |
| ES2021279B3 (en) * | 1986-11-12 | 1991-11-01 | Juan Haener | IMPROVED GLOBAL BUILDING BLOCKS. |
| US4957395A (en) * | 1989-06-19 | 1990-09-18 | Ned Nelson | Pre-cast, reinforced concrete retaining wall system |
| US5066169A (en) * | 1991-02-19 | 1991-11-19 | Gavin Norman W | Retaining wall system |
-
1990
- 1990-08-20 IT IT02128990A patent/IT1243057B/en active IP Right Grant
-
1991
- 1991-08-05 US US07/740,245 patent/US5214898A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-08-12 DE DE69104932T patent/DE69104932T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-08-12 EP EP91113502A patent/EP0472993B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-08-14 CA CA002049218A patent/CA2049218A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69104932T2 (en) | 1995-03-23 |
| IT9021289A0 (en) | 1990-08-20 |
| IT9021289A1 (en) | 1992-02-20 |
| EP0472993B1 (en) | 1994-11-02 |
| EP0472993A1 (en) | 1992-03-04 |
| US5214898A (en) | 1993-06-01 |
| IT1243057B (en) | 1994-05-23 |
| DE69104932D1 (en) | 1994-12-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |