CA2048666A1 - Use and composition of a reactant gas to control fuel cell potential - Google Patents
Use and composition of a reactant gas to control fuel cell potentialInfo
- Publication number
- CA2048666A1 CA2048666A1 CA002048666A CA2048666A CA2048666A1 CA 2048666 A1 CA2048666 A1 CA 2048666A1 CA 002048666 A CA002048666 A CA 002048666A CA 2048666 A CA2048666 A CA 2048666A CA 2048666 A1 CA2048666 A1 CA 2048666A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- oxygen
- gas
- nitrogen
- fuel cell
- cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04231—Purging of the reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
A fuel cell (10) system in which a nitrogen (N2) gas is used on the anode section (11) and a nitrogen/oxygen (N2/O2) gaseous mix is used on the cathode section (12) to maintain the cathode at an acceptable voltage potential during adverse conditions occurring particularly during off-power conditions, for example, during power plant shutdown, start-up and hot holds. During power plant shutdown, the cathode section is purged with a gaseous mixture of, for example, one-half percent (0.5 %) oxygen (O2) and ninety-nine and a half percent (99.5 %) nitrogen (N2) supplied from an ejector (21) bleeding in air (24/28) into a high pressure stream (27) of nitrogen (N2) as the primary or majority gas.
Thereafter the fuel gas in the fuel processor (31) and the anode section (11) is purged with nitrogen gas to prevent nickel (Ni) carbonyl from forming from the shift catalyst.
Thereafter the fuel gas in the fuel processor (31) and the anode section (11) is purged with nitrogen gas to prevent nickel (Ni) carbonyl from forming from the shift catalyst.
Description
6 ~ ~
W091~10266 PCT/US90/07157 Description USE AND c~rTIoN OF A REACTANT GAS TO O~OL
~ OELL Po~nlAL
Techni¢al Field This invention relates to fuel cells and more particularly to the use of dilute oxygen in the cathode flow stream to control the cathode potential during non-operating modes of the fuel cell stacks as a form of fuel cell passivation. The pre~ent invention relates even more particularly to the use and composition of a reactant gas to control cell potential and limit the electrical potential to within certain prescribed limits, and even more particularly to adding oxygen (2) from an ambient air source to relatively high pressure nitrogen ~N2) gas to produce the r~actant gas to produce cell passivation and to u~e this same nitrogen gas source to purge the fuel proce~sor and anode sectlon of the fuel cell as part of the fuel cell passivation.
B~c~groun~ Art In, for example, phosphoric acid fuel cells the electrodes can be damaged i~ the electrical potentials exceed certain limits. For example, the cathode of the fuel cell will undergo catalyst dissolution, catalyst support dissolution and catalyst layer flooding, if the potential exc~eds, ~or example, eight-tenth~ (o.8) of a volt. In the other extreme, if it approaches the anode potential and i8 gUb equently re-oxidized, re-crystalli-~- zation of~the catalyst takes place, and activity is lost.
If the anode is allowed to approach the cathode potential [approximately, e.a., eight-tenths (0.8) of a volt]~ it wiil flood with electrolyte.
.., Electrical pote~tial control for tAe fuel cell is most necessa2~ during off-powar conditions or non-operat-.
' 6 ~ b`
W091tlO266 PCT/US9~/071':
ing modes, for example, during power plant shutdown, start-up and hot holds.
The present invention is directed generally to enhancing fuel cell electrical potential control, particularly during adverse conditions, and more particu-larly to the means used to add one component of the reactant gas to the other(s).
Disclosure of ~nvent~on The present invention teaches the use of an effec-tive reactant gas composition, particularly in theexemplary embodiment, the use of a nitrogen/oxygen gas (N2/02) mix on the cathode section, with only a relatively small percentage of oxygen preferably being used, and nitrogen gas (N2) on the anode section during these adverse conditions. These adverse conditions include, as noted above, off-power condltions or non-operating modes, for example, during power plant shutdown, start-up and hot holds.
The use of dilute oxygen in the cathode flow stream controls the cathode potential during these non-operating modes of the fuel cell, including stacXs thereof, resulting in fuel cell passivation.
During power plant shutdown, the cathode section of the fuel cell is purged with a gaseous mixture of, for example, one half percent (0-5% 2) oxygen and nine-ty-nine and a hal~ percent (99.5% N2) nitrogen by volume, ~upplied fro~, for example, ~an' ejector bleeding in air ' 'using'`nitrogen (N2) as-the primary gas.
- ' - Sufficient oxygen should be used to establish the - -30 correct cathode potentia~, but too'much oxygen can cause - '' ~'' `corrosion of the catalyst support. The appropriate amoun~ of the oxygen component is sub~éct to a number of factors, including the Yoltage potential and temperature involved in the fuel cell system.
'i.
It is noted that, although electrochemistry theory would indicate .hat a certain percentage of oxygen should be sufficient (e.g., 0.04%), experimentation under "real world" conditions have shown that a substantial amount more of oxygen (e.a. 0.50~) should be used than the standard calculations would indicate.
The following exemplary sequence of events could be followed during, for example, a plant shut-down. The cathode section is purged with an appropriate gas mix of nitrogen and oxyqen gases Then the fuel gas is purged from the fuel processor and the anode section of the fuel cell with preferably the same nitrogen gas source to prevent, for example, nickel (Ni) car~onyl from forming from the shift cata-lyst. This purge would not be necessary, if it were notfor this possibility, or if the formation of nickel (Ni) carbonyl were otherwise prevented or avoided.
Thus, the same nitrogen gas source i5 used to purge both the cathode and the anode sections, with dilute oxygen being mixed in the former and "pure" nitrogen gas used for the latter.
A æwitched dummy electrical load preferably is used to bring the cathode potential down rapidly during the start of the purges. once it is down, the dummy electri-cal load typically would no longer be required.
Thus, a primary object o~ the present invention isto provide in a~sociation with a fuel cell a reactant gas composition to control the cell potential, preventing damage to the electrodes of the fuel cell which would o~herwise occur if the fuel cell potentials exceeded ; certain limits,~particularly during of~-power conditions ; or non-operlting modes.
- It iæ further object to achieve the primary object using a he primary gas source nitrogen gas under a relatively high pressure and preferably using ambient air a~ a dilute oxygen source to b~ mixed in with the ~: , . ; . ~ - . .......... . .
. ~ . . . ~ . , .
WO91tl~266 ~ 6 ~ ~ PCT/US90/07~
-4- ;
nitrogen to form a nitrog~n/oxygen gas mixture, with the oxygen gas being present in a relatively small percent of the total volume,~ namely, less than about one percent (>1. 00%) .
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the fol}owing further description and its related drawing.
Brief Description of Dra~ings Figure ~ is a simplified flow line diagram outlining the methodology and structure of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention used in association with an exemplary fuel cell, showing an exemplary air ejector system used in the present invention to provide the desired reactant gas to the fuel cell cathode section to lS achieve the desired fuel cell passivation.
Best ~o~- ~or carry~g Out th- In~ention It is noted that Pigur- 1 shows in simplified form ~ ;
an exemplary fuel cell lO with which the present inven-tion can be used, which cell can represent, for example, a two hundred (200kw) kilowatt power plant unit.
A~ is known (see, for example, U.S. ~atent 4,780,187 of Levy & Lipman issued July 7, 1987, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference), a fuel cell 10 i8 an electrochemical cell, which consumes ~uel and an oxidant on a continuous ba~i~ to generate electrical energy. The fuel i~ consumed at an anode section ll and the oxidant at a cathode section 12.- The anode and cathode ~ections ll & 12 are placed in electrochemical communication by an appropriate electrolyte 13.
A typical fuel cell power plant comprises one or more stacXs of fuel cells, the cells within each stack being conne¢ted electrically in series to raise the voltage potential of the stack. A stack may be connected in parallel with other stac~s to increase the current , ; ~ ,,, . : ~ - , -, , ,.. .. ... . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
& ~:
generating capability of the power plant. Depending upon the desired siize of the power plant, a stack of fuel cells may comprise a half dozen cell~ or less, or as many as several hundred cells. Air and fuel are usually fed to the cells by one or more manifolds per stack.
As illustrated in F~gur- 1, a cooler section 1~ and an electrical heater 15 can be used in conjunction with the fuel cell 10.
One typical fuel cell employs a phosphoric acid electrolyte. The phosphoric acid fuel cell uses air to provide oxygen (2) as an oxidant to the cathode section 12 and uses a hydrogen rich stream to provide hydrogen (H2) as a fuel to the anode section 11. After passing through the cell 10, the depleted air and fuel streams are vented from the sy~tem on a continuous basis.
As noted above, the electrodes of such a fuel cell can be damaged, if the electrical potentials exceed certain limits~
To avoid this, in the exemplary fuel cell of F~gure 1 a nitrogen (N2) gas i~ used on the anode section 11 and a nitrogen/oxide (N2/O2) gaseous mix is used on the cathode section 12 to maintain the cathode at an accept-able voltage potential, namely below, for example, eight-tenths (0.8) volts, during adverse conditions occurring parttcularly during off-power conditions or non-operating modes. As noted above, such off-power conditions or non-operating~mode~ ocaur, for example, during power plant ahutdown, start-up and hot holds.
~ During power plant ~hutdown, the cathode section 12 --- 30 is purged with a gaseous m~xture of, for example, one half percent (0.5%~023 oxygen and~ninety-nine and a half -- -percent (99.5% N2)~nitrogen by volume,-supplied from an ejector 21 bleeding in air using nitrogen (N2) as the primary gas. The fuel gas is purged with nitrogen ~N2) gas to prevent nickel (Ni) carbonyl from forming from the ~hift catalyst.
- - ,; :, . - ..... . - . . . .
, . . . .- . - - . . . -,. . - , , :
- .. , - : : ~. . - .. : . .
W091~10266 PCT/US90/07157 Description USE AND c~rTIoN OF A REACTANT GAS TO O~OL
~ OELL Po~nlAL
Techni¢al Field This invention relates to fuel cells and more particularly to the use of dilute oxygen in the cathode flow stream to control the cathode potential during non-operating modes of the fuel cell stacks as a form of fuel cell passivation. The pre~ent invention relates even more particularly to the use and composition of a reactant gas to control cell potential and limit the electrical potential to within certain prescribed limits, and even more particularly to adding oxygen (2) from an ambient air source to relatively high pressure nitrogen ~N2) gas to produce the r~actant gas to produce cell passivation and to u~e this same nitrogen gas source to purge the fuel proce~sor and anode sectlon of the fuel cell as part of the fuel cell passivation.
B~c~groun~ Art In, for example, phosphoric acid fuel cells the electrodes can be damaged i~ the electrical potentials exceed certain limits. For example, the cathode of the fuel cell will undergo catalyst dissolution, catalyst support dissolution and catalyst layer flooding, if the potential exc~eds, ~or example, eight-tenth~ (o.8) of a volt. In the other extreme, if it approaches the anode potential and i8 gUb equently re-oxidized, re-crystalli-~- zation of~the catalyst takes place, and activity is lost.
If the anode is allowed to approach the cathode potential [approximately, e.a., eight-tenths (0.8) of a volt]~ it wiil flood with electrolyte.
.., Electrical pote~tial control for tAe fuel cell is most necessa2~ during off-powar conditions or non-operat-.
' 6 ~ b`
W091tlO266 PCT/US9~/071':
ing modes, for example, during power plant shutdown, start-up and hot holds.
The present invention is directed generally to enhancing fuel cell electrical potential control, particularly during adverse conditions, and more particu-larly to the means used to add one component of the reactant gas to the other(s).
Disclosure of ~nvent~on The present invention teaches the use of an effec-tive reactant gas composition, particularly in theexemplary embodiment, the use of a nitrogen/oxygen gas (N2/02) mix on the cathode section, with only a relatively small percentage of oxygen preferably being used, and nitrogen gas (N2) on the anode section during these adverse conditions. These adverse conditions include, as noted above, off-power condltions or non-operating modes, for example, during power plant shutdown, start-up and hot holds.
The use of dilute oxygen in the cathode flow stream controls the cathode potential during these non-operating modes of the fuel cell, including stacXs thereof, resulting in fuel cell passivation.
During power plant shutdown, the cathode section of the fuel cell is purged with a gaseous mixture of, for example, one half percent (0-5% 2) oxygen and nine-ty-nine and a hal~ percent (99.5% N2) nitrogen by volume, ~upplied fro~, for example, ~an' ejector bleeding in air ' 'using'`nitrogen (N2) as-the primary gas.
- ' - Sufficient oxygen should be used to establish the - -30 correct cathode potentia~, but too'much oxygen can cause - '' ~'' `corrosion of the catalyst support. The appropriate amoun~ of the oxygen component is sub~éct to a number of factors, including the Yoltage potential and temperature involved in the fuel cell system.
'i.
It is noted that, although electrochemistry theory would indicate .hat a certain percentage of oxygen should be sufficient (e.g., 0.04%), experimentation under "real world" conditions have shown that a substantial amount more of oxygen (e.a. 0.50~) should be used than the standard calculations would indicate.
The following exemplary sequence of events could be followed during, for example, a plant shut-down. The cathode section is purged with an appropriate gas mix of nitrogen and oxyqen gases Then the fuel gas is purged from the fuel processor and the anode section of the fuel cell with preferably the same nitrogen gas source to prevent, for example, nickel (Ni) car~onyl from forming from the shift cata-lyst. This purge would not be necessary, if it were notfor this possibility, or if the formation of nickel (Ni) carbonyl were otherwise prevented or avoided.
Thus, the same nitrogen gas source i5 used to purge both the cathode and the anode sections, with dilute oxygen being mixed in the former and "pure" nitrogen gas used for the latter.
A æwitched dummy electrical load preferably is used to bring the cathode potential down rapidly during the start of the purges. once it is down, the dummy electri-cal load typically would no longer be required.
Thus, a primary object o~ the present invention isto provide in a~sociation with a fuel cell a reactant gas composition to control the cell potential, preventing damage to the electrodes of the fuel cell which would o~herwise occur if the fuel cell potentials exceeded ; certain limits,~particularly during of~-power conditions ; or non-operlting modes.
- It iæ further object to achieve the primary object using a he primary gas source nitrogen gas under a relatively high pressure and preferably using ambient air a~ a dilute oxygen source to b~ mixed in with the ~: , . ; . ~ - . .......... . .
. ~ . . . ~ . , .
WO91tl~266 ~ 6 ~ ~ PCT/US90/07~
-4- ;
nitrogen to form a nitrog~n/oxygen gas mixture, with the oxygen gas being present in a relatively small percent of the total volume,~ namely, less than about one percent (>1. 00%) .
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the fol}owing further description and its related drawing.
Brief Description of Dra~ings Figure ~ is a simplified flow line diagram outlining the methodology and structure of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention used in association with an exemplary fuel cell, showing an exemplary air ejector system used in the present invention to provide the desired reactant gas to the fuel cell cathode section to lS achieve the desired fuel cell passivation.
Best ~o~- ~or carry~g Out th- In~ention It is noted that Pigur- 1 shows in simplified form ~ ;
an exemplary fuel cell lO with which the present inven-tion can be used, which cell can represent, for example, a two hundred (200kw) kilowatt power plant unit.
A~ is known (see, for example, U.S. ~atent 4,780,187 of Levy & Lipman issued July 7, 1987, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference), a fuel cell 10 i8 an electrochemical cell, which consumes ~uel and an oxidant on a continuous ba~i~ to generate electrical energy. The fuel i~ consumed at an anode section ll and the oxidant at a cathode section 12.- The anode and cathode ~ections ll & 12 are placed in electrochemical communication by an appropriate electrolyte 13.
A typical fuel cell power plant comprises one or more stacXs of fuel cells, the cells within each stack being conne¢ted electrically in series to raise the voltage potential of the stack. A stack may be connected in parallel with other stac~s to increase the current , ; ~ ,,, . : ~ - , -, , ,.. .. ... . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
& ~:
generating capability of the power plant. Depending upon the desired siize of the power plant, a stack of fuel cells may comprise a half dozen cell~ or less, or as many as several hundred cells. Air and fuel are usually fed to the cells by one or more manifolds per stack.
As illustrated in F~gur- 1, a cooler section 1~ and an electrical heater 15 can be used in conjunction with the fuel cell 10.
One typical fuel cell employs a phosphoric acid electrolyte. The phosphoric acid fuel cell uses air to provide oxygen (2) as an oxidant to the cathode section 12 and uses a hydrogen rich stream to provide hydrogen (H2) as a fuel to the anode section 11. After passing through the cell 10, the depleted air and fuel streams are vented from the sy~tem on a continuous basis.
As noted above, the electrodes of such a fuel cell can be damaged, if the electrical potentials exceed certain limits~
To avoid this, in the exemplary fuel cell of F~gure 1 a nitrogen (N2) gas i~ used on the anode section 11 and a nitrogen/oxide (N2/O2) gaseous mix is used on the cathode section 12 to maintain the cathode at an accept-able voltage potential, namely below, for example, eight-tenths (0.8) volts, during adverse conditions occurring parttcularly during off-power conditions or non-operating modes. As noted above, such off-power conditions or non-operating~mode~ ocaur, for example, during power plant ahutdown, start-up and hot holds.
~ During power plant ~hutdown, the cathode section 12 --- 30 is purged with a gaseous m~xture of, for example, one half percent (0.5%~023 oxygen and~ninety-nine and a half -- -percent (99.5% N2)~nitrogen by volume,-supplied from an ejector 21 bleeding in air using nitrogen (N2) as the primary gas. The fuel gas is purged with nitrogen ~N2) gas to prevent nickel (Ni) carbonyl from forming from the ~hift catalyst.
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, . . . .- . - - . . . -,. . - , , :
- .. , - : : ~. . - .. : . .
2 0 ~ ~ ~ 6 6 PCT/US90/0715 - ~
As can be seen in Figu~e 1, the nitrogen gas component i8 received from a series of interconnected storage tanXs 20A-D, th~re being a sufficient number of tanks 20 to supply the volume of gas needed. The outlet lines from the tanks 20 are fed through an interface 25 through a regulator 25A to the injector line 27 and anode purge line 29. A pressure relief 25B is included in the nitrogen source line.
Thue, as can be seen in F~gure 1, a "T" line juncture "T" is provided between the relatively high pressure nitroqen gas source 20 and the fuel cell 10.
One branch 27 of the "T" juncture leads to the ejector 21 and eventually to the cathode section 12, and the other branch 29 leads to the fuel processor 31 and thence to the anode section 1~ providing them with a purging gas source. Suitable control means, such as, for example, valves, are provided to control the supply of the nitrogen gas source 20 initially to the line 27 (note valve 27A) and therea~ter to the anode purge line 29 ~the latter comparable to 27A not being illustrated).
In the ejector branch the nitrogen gas is mixed with ambient air in the ejector 21, after the ambient air 2~
is filtered in ~ilter 22, and the amount of air being in;ected is appropriated controlled by trim valve 23.
~he filter 22 and the oririce or metering valve 23A are added to the air inlet 28 of the ejector 21 to ensure a - controlled additi~n of clean air to the nitrogen gas.
~he ejector-21 can be a commercially available, ~ "off-the-shelfn ejector, such as,-for example, the "Fox - 30 Mini-EductorN ~P/N 611210-060) by Fox Valve Development - Corp. ~f East Hanover, NJ. `Such~an e~ector has a line ;size discharge 26 of a quarter (1/4n) inch, with motive (27) and suction (28~ inlet ~izes of an eighth (1/8~) inch each. As is known, the flow of the motive fluid (e.a. high pressure nitrogen gas) through the venturi section 2~A causas the ~uction fluid (e.a. air) to be :. ~ . . : ' , , ' ' ' ` '' - ' . . ' :, . ''' ` ' ' ': , . '' .. `' . .' ' ~ WO91/10266 ~ & ~ 6i6`6 PCT/US90/071~7 sucked into the ejector 21 and mixed with the motive fluid for common discharge into discharge line 26.
The ejector 21 thus preferably is a small, fixed area ejector, which preferably meters high pressure nitrogen gas with a choked orifice or venturi and uses the energy in the gas from the orifice or venturi to suck ambient air 2~ for the oxygen source into the nitrogen stream 27 before the mixed discharge 26 enters the cathode section '2.
10 Exemplary high pressures for the nitrogen, which serves as the primary or majority component of the gas mix, as well as for the purging gas source for the anode section 11, are in the range of about fifty to one hundred and fifty (~50-150) psig or more, although legal code restrictions may require a lower range, down to a maximum of, for example, one hundred and forty (140) p~ig. ~he relatively high pressure nitrogen gas is preferably at least above one hundred (>100) psig in pressure as it enters the e;ector 21, in comparison to the ambient air 2~.
The nitrogen/oxygen mixture then goes to the cathode ~ection ~2 o~ the cell stack 10 through mixed outlet line 26.
An exemplary, more restrictive percentage range for the oxygen component of the gaseous mix is from about two hundredths of a percent to about a half percent (~0.02-0.50~) by volume, although a broader, workable range is within about one hundredths of a percent to about one percent (~0.01-1.00%) by volume.
Sufficient oxygen ~hould be used to establish the . correct cathode potential,-but:too;m~ch oxygen can cause . . corrosion of the catalyst =support. The appropriate amount of the oxygen co~ponent:is subject to a number of factors, including the voltage potential and temperature involved in the fuel cell syst2m.
., ~ . ..................... .
.
.
. ~ . .
It is noted that, although electrochemistry theory would indicate that a certain percentage of oxygen should be sufficient (e.g., 0.04%), experimentation under "real world" conditions have shown that a substantial amount more of oxygen e.g. 0.50%) should be used than the standard calculations would indicate. It is surmised that some of the oxygen initially injected reacts with residual hydrogen (H2) gas at the anode 11 to form water and is lost in the process.
The following exemplary sequence of events are followed during, for example, a plant shut-down. The cathode section 12 is purged with the appropriate gas mix of nitrogen and oxygen gases. This gas mix is supplied from the ejector 21 bleeding in air using nitrogen gas as the primary gas and air as the dilute oxygen source.
The fuel gas is then purged with the nitrogen gas through the anode purge line 29 to prevent, for example, nickel (Ni) carbonyl from forming from the shift cata-lyst. This anode purge includes purging the fuel processor 31 as well as the anode section 11. The fuel processor 31, generally illustrated in Figure 1, typical-ly includes a pre-oxidizer, hydrodesulfurizer (HDS), a reformer, heat exchanger(s) and a low temperature shift converter with a fuel line leading to the anodes (power section).
Thereafter the cathode section 12 may again be purged using the mixed nitrogen/oxygen gas line 26 with the ejector 21 serving as the simple, automatic mixing source. Additional purging may be necessary to maintain the proper gas mixtures over an extended period of time.
A switched dummy electrical load 30 preferably is used to bring the cathode potential down rapidly during the start of the purges. The preferred one-half to ninety-nine and a half percent (0.50%/99.50%) O2/N2 mixture maintains the cathode potential between, for example, the acceptable limits of three-tenths and ~ @ ~
_g_ .;
seven-tenths (O.3-0.7) volts, and this concentration of oxygen gas ~2) iS sufficient to maintain the cathode potential at three-tenths (0.3~ of a volt for the case of hydrogen (H2) diffusing to the cathode through an exem-plary two (2) mil thick electrolyte filled matrix 13 andbelow eight-tenths (0.8) of a volt for no diffusion at open circuit conditions.
Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to a detailed, exemplary embodiment thereof, it should be understood by those s~illed in the art that various changes in form, detail, methodology and/or approach may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
Having thus described an exemplary embodiment of the invention, that which i8 new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is claimed below.
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' . ~ `:- . ,- , : .
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As can be seen in Figu~e 1, the nitrogen gas component i8 received from a series of interconnected storage tanXs 20A-D, th~re being a sufficient number of tanks 20 to supply the volume of gas needed. The outlet lines from the tanks 20 are fed through an interface 25 through a regulator 25A to the injector line 27 and anode purge line 29. A pressure relief 25B is included in the nitrogen source line.
Thue, as can be seen in F~gure 1, a "T" line juncture "T" is provided between the relatively high pressure nitroqen gas source 20 and the fuel cell 10.
One branch 27 of the "T" juncture leads to the ejector 21 and eventually to the cathode section 12, and the other branch 29 leads to the fuel processor 31 and thence to the anode section 1~ providing them with a purging gas source. Suitable control means, such as, for example, valves, are provided to control the supply of the nitrogen gas source 20 initially to the line 27 (note valve 27A) and therea~ter to the anode purge line 29 ~the latter comparable to 27A not being illustrated).
In the ejector branch the nitrogen gas is mixed with ambient air in the ejector 21, after the ambient air 2~
is filtered in ~ilter 22, and the amount of air being in;ected is appropriated controlled by trim valve 23.
~he filter 22 and the oririce or metering valve 23A are added to the air inlet 28 of the ejector 21 to ensure a - controlled additi~n of clean air to the nitrogen gas.
~he ejector-21 can be a commercially available, ~ "off-the-shelfn ejector, such as,-for example, the "Fox - 30 Mini-EductorN ~P/N 611210-060) by Fox Valve Development - Corp. ~f East Hanover, NJ. `Such~an e~ector has a line ;size discharge 26 of a quarter (1/4n) inch, with motive (27) and suction (28~ inlet ~izes of an eighth (1/8~) inch each. As is known, the flow of the motive fluid (e.a. high pressure nitrogen gas) through the venturi section 2~A causas the ~uction fluid (e.a. air) to be :. ~ . . : ' , , ' ' ' ` '' - ' . . ' :, . ''' ` ' ' ': , . '' .. `' . .' ' ~ WO91/10266 ~ & ~ 6i6`6 PCT/US90/071~7 sucked into the ejector 21 and mixed with the motive fluid for common discharge into discharge line 26.
The ejector 21 thus preferably is a small, fixed area ejector, which preferably meters high pressure nitrogen gas with a choked orifice or venturi and uses the energy in the gas from the orifice or venturi to suck ambient air 2~ for the oxygen source into the nitrogen stream 27 before the mixed discharge 26 enters the cathode section '2.
10 Exemplary high pressures for the nitrogen, which serves as the primary or majority component of the gas mix, as well as for the purging gas source for the anode section 11, are in the range of about fifty to one hundred and fifty (~50-150) psig or more, although legal code restrictions may require a lower range, down to a maximum of, for example, one hundred and forty (140) p~ig. ~he relatively high pressure nitrogen gas is preferably at least above one hundred (>100) psig in pressure as it enters the e;ector 21, in comparison to the ambient air 2~.
The nitrogen/oxygen mixture then goes to the cathode ~ection ~2 o~ the cell stack 10 through mixed outlet line 26.
An exemplary, more restrictive percentage range for the oxygen component of the gaseous mix is from about two hundredths of a percent to about a half percent (~0.02-0.50~) by volume, although a broader, workable range is within about one hundredths of a percent to about one percent (~0.01-1.00%) by volume.
Sufficient oxygen ~hould be used to establish the . correct cathode potential,-but:too;m~ch oxygen can cause . . corrosion of the catalyst =support. The appropriate amount of the oxygen co~ponent:is subject to a number of factors, including the voltage potential and temperature involved in the fuel cell syst2m.
., ~ . ..................... .
.
.
. ~ . .
It is noted that, although electrochemistry theory would indicate that a certain percentage of oxygen should be sufficient (e.g., 0.04%), experimentation under "real world" conditions have shown that a substantial amount more of oxygen e.g. 0.50%) should be used than the standard calculations would indicate. It is surmised that some of the oxygen initially injected reacts with residual hydrogen (H2) gas at the anode 11 to form water and is lost in the process.
The following exemplary sequence of events are followed during, for example, a plant shut-down. The cathode section 12 is purged with the appropriate gas mix of nitrogen and oxygen gases. This gas mix is supplied from the ejector 21 bleeding in air using nitrogen gas as the primary gas and air as the dilute oxygen source.
The fuel gas is then purged with the nitrogen gas through the anode purge line 29 to prevent, for example, nickel (Ni) carbonyl from forming from the shift cata-lyst. This anode purge includes purging the fuel processor 31 as well as the anode section 11. The fuel processor 31, generally illustrated in Figure 1, typical-ly includes a pre-oxidizer, hydrodesulfurizer (HDS), a reformer, heat exchanger(s) and a low temperature shift converter with a fuel line leading to the anodes (power section).
Thereafter the cathode section 12 may again be purged using the mixed nitrogen/oxygen gas line 26 with the ejector 21 serving as the simple, automatic mixing source. Additional purging may be necessary to maintain the proper gas mixtures over an extended period of time.
A switched dummy electrical load 30 preferably is used to bring the cathode potential down rapidly during the start of the purges. The preferred one-half to ninety-nine and a half percent (0.50%/99.50%) O2/N2 mixture maintains the cathode potential between, for example, the acceptable limits of three-tenths and ~ @ ~
_g_ .;
seven-tenths (O.3-0.7) volts, and this concentration of oxygen gas ~2) iS sufficient to maintain the cathode potential at three-tenths (0.3~ of a volt for the case of hydrogen (H2) diffusing to the cathode through an exem-plary two (2) mil thick electrolyte filled matrix 13 andbelow eight-tenths (0.8) of a volt for no diffusion at open circuit conditions.
Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to a detailed, exemplary embodiment thereof, it should be understood by those s~illed in the art that various changes in form, detail, methodology and/or approach may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
Having thus described an exemplary embodiment of the invention, that which i8 new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is claimed below.
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.
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.
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..
- . .
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.
.
Claims (20)
Claims
1. A fuel cell system in which the cell potential is controlled within a certain maximum voltage limit, comprising:
an anode section:
a cathode section;
an electrolyte providing electrochemical communication between said anode and said cathode sections; and a source of gas to said cathode section purging said cathode section with a gaseous mixture, including a small percentage by volume of oxygen during at least some off-power conditions causing the cathode potential to be limited to a voltage potential less than the maximum voltage limit.
an anode section:
a cathode section;
an electrolyte providing electrochemical communication between said anode and said cathode sections; and a source of gas to said cathode section purging said cathode section with a gaseous mixture, including a small percentage by volume of oxygen during at least some off-power conditions causing the cathode potential to be limited to a voltage potential less than the maximum voltage limit.
2. The fuel cell system of Claim 1, wherein:
said source of gas is a source of an oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) gas mix, in which only a relatively small amount of oxygen is included in the mix.
said source of gas is a source of an oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) gas mix, in which only a relatively small amount of oxygen is included in the mix.
3. The fuel cell system of Claim 2, wherein:
said oxygen and nitrogen gas mix is within the range of about one hundredths of a percent to about one percent (?0.01-1.00%) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
said oxygen and nitrogen gas mix is within the range of about one hundredths of a percent to about one percent (?0.01-1.00%) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
4. The fuel cell system of Claim 3, wherein:
said oxygen and nitrogen gas mix is within the range of at least four hundredths of a percent to about one percent (0.04%< to ?1.00%) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
said oxygen and nitrogen gas mix is within the range of at least four hundredths of a percent to about one percent (0.04%< to ?1.00%) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
5. The fuel cell system of Claim 4, wherein:
said oxygen and nitrogen gas mix is about one-half of a percent (?0.50%) oxygen to about ninety-nine and a half percent (?99.50%) nitrogen by volume.
said oxygen and nitrogen gas mix is about one-half of a percent (?0.50%) oxygen to about ninety-nine and a half percent (?99.50%) nitrogen by volume.
6. The fuel cell system of Claim 1, wherein:
said source of gas is an ejector bleeding in air as a source of dilute oxygen as the dilute component into a stream of a relatively high pressure gas as the majority component.
said source of gas is an ejector bleeding in air as a source of dilute oxygen as the dilute component into a stream of a relatively high pressure gas as the majority component.
7. The fuel cell system of Claim 6, wherein:
said relatively high pressure gas is at a pressure in excess of one hundred psig and said air is at about ambient pressure.
said relatively high pressure gas is at a pressure in excess of one hundred psig and said air is at about ambient pressure.
8. The fuel cell system of Claim 1, wherein there is further included:
a "T" line suncture between the source of said majority component and the fuel cell, one branch of the "T" juncture leading to a gas mixer providing it with said majority component and eventually to said cathode section, and the other branch of said "T" juncture leading to said anode section providing it with a source of purging gas.
a "T" line suncture between the source of said majority component and the fuel cell, one branch of the "T" juncture leading to a gas mixer providing it with said majority component and eventually to said cathode section, and the other branch of said "T" juncture leading to said anode section providing it with a source of purging gas.
9. The fuel cell system of Claim 8, wherein there is further included:
control means associated with said "T" juncture for initially supplying said majority component with a dilute amount of oxygen mixed in to said cathode section and thereafter for supplying said source of said majority component in its "pure" state to said anode section purging it of fuel gas.
WO 91/10266 PCT/US90/071?
control means associated with said "T" juncture for initially supplying said majority component with a dilute amount of oxygen mixed in to said cathode section and thereafter for supplying said source of said majority component in its "pure" state to said anode section purging it of fuel gas.
WO 91/10266 PCT/US90/071?
10. A method of controlling the cell potential in a fuel cell system during off-power conditions and the like, which fuel cell system includes -- an anode section, - a cathode section having a maximum allowed voltage potential, and - an electrolyte providing electrochemical communication between said anode and said cathode sections, comprising the following step(s):
(a) purging said cathode section with a gas mix having a dilute gas component and a majority gas compo-nent during at least some off-power conditions and the like, causing the cathode potential to be limited to a voltage potential less than the maximum allowed voltage potential.
(a) purging said cathode section with a gas mix having a dilute gas component and a majority gas compo-nent during at least some off-power conditions and the like, causing the cathode potential to be limited to a voltage potential less than the maximum allowed voltage potential.
11. The method of Claim 10, wherein there is included the step of:
using an oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) gas mix, with oxygen being the dilute component and nitrogen being the majority component.
using an oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) gas mix, with oxygen being the dilute component and nitrogen being the majority component.
12. The method of Claim 11, wherein there is included the step of:
using a gas mix of oxygen and nitrogen of from about one hundredth to about one percent (?0. 01-1.00%) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
using a gas mix of oxygen and nitrogen of from about one hundredth to about one percent (?0. 01-1.00%) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
13. The method of Claim 12, wherein there is included the step of:
using a gas mix of oxygen and nitrogen of more than four hundredths of a percent up to about one percent (0.04%< to ?1.00% ) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
using a gas mix of oxygen and nitrogen of more than four hundredths of a percent up to about one percent (0.04%< to ?1.00% ) oxygen by volume, with the balance being substantially nitrogen.
14. The method of Claim 13, wherein there is included the step of:
using a gas mix of oxygen and nitrogen of about one-half of a percent (?0.50%) oxygen to about ninety-nine and a half percent (?99.50%) nitrogen by volume.
using a gas mix of oxygen and nitrogen of about one-half of a percent (?0.50%) oxygen to about ninety-nine and a half percent (?99.50%) nitrogen by volume.
15. The method of Claim 11, wherein there is included the step of:
using as the source of said gas mix an ejector bleeding in air as the oxygen source into a stream of high pressure nitrogen as the primary, majority gas component.
using as the source of said gas mix an ejector bleeding in air as the oxygen source into a stream of high pressure nitrogen as the primary, majority gas component.
16. The method of Claim 10, wherein there is included the step of:
switching in a dummy electrical load bringing the cathode potential down rapidly during the start of the purge.
switching in a dummy electrical load bringing the cathode potential down rapidly during the start of the purge.
17. The method of Claim 10, wherein there is included the step of:
(b) after step "a" purging said anode section of fuel gas with said majority gas component .
(b) after step "a" purging said anode section of fuel gas with said majority gas component .
18. The method of Claim 17, wherein there is included the step of:
repeating step "a" after performing step "b".
repeating step "a" after performing step "b".
19. The method of Claim 17, wherein the fuel cell system further includes a fuel processor and there is included the step of:
in conjunction with step "b" also purging the fuel gas from the fuel processor.
WO 91/10266 PCT/US90/071?
in conjunction with step "b" also purging the fuel gas from the fuel processor.
WO 91/10266 PCT/US90/071?
20. The method of Claim 11, wherein there is included in step "a" the step of:
mixing in a sufficient amount of oxygen to establish a cathode potential within the desired range, but not so much oxygen as to cause significant corrosion of the catalyst support.
mixing in a sufficient amount of oxygen to establish a cathode potential within the desired range, but not so much oxygen as to cause significant corrosion of the catalyst support.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US458,852 | 1989-12-29 | ||
| US07/458,852 US5045414A (en) | 1989-12-29 | 1989-12-29 | Reactant gas composition for fuel cell potential control |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2048666A1 true CA2048666A1 (en) | 1991-06-30 |
Family
ID=23822352
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002048666A Abandoned CA2048666A1 (en) | 1989-12-29 | 1990-12-07 | Use and composition of a reactant gas to control fuel cell potential |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5045414A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0461248A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH04505074A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2048666A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1991010266A2 (en) |
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-
1989
- 1989-12-29 US US07/458,852 patent/US5045414A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-12-07 WO PCT/US1990/007157 patent/WO1991010266A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-12-07 CA CA002048666A patent/CA2048666A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-12-07 EP EP91902850A patent/EP0461248A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-12-07 JP JP3503232A patent/JPH04505074A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH04505074A (en) | 1992-09-03 |
| US5045414A (en) | 1991-09-03 |
| EP0461248A1 (en) | 1991-12-18 |
| WO1991010266A2 (en) | 1991-07-11 |
| WO1991010266A3 (en) | 1991-08-22 |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |