CA2014588A1 - High velocity armor penetrator - Google Patents
High velocity armor penetratorInfo
- Publication number
- CA2014588A1 CA2014588A1 CA002014588A CA2014588A CA2014588A1 CA 2014588 A1 CA2014588 A1 CA 2014588A1 CA 002014588 A CA002014588 A CA 002014588A CA 2014588 A CA2014588 A CA 2014588A CA 2014588 A1 CA2014588 A1 CA 2014588A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- canister
- tantalum
- tungsten
- high velocity
- making
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D5/00—Machines or plants for pig or like casting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/045—Alloys based on refractory metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/1208—Containers or coating used therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
- F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method of making a tungsten tantalum material comprising generally 80 percent by weight tungsten and 20 percent by weight tantalum and forming the material into a high strength full density round bar, which can be utilized in a high velocity armor penetrator.
A method of making a tungsten tantalum material comprising generally 80 percent by weight tungsten and 20 percent by weight tantalum and forming the material into a high strength full density round bar, which can be utilized in a high velocity armor penetrator.
Description
1 55,111 HIGH VELOCITY A~MOR PENETRATOR
BACKGR~OUND OF THE I~NVENTION
The invention relates to an armor penetrator and more particularly to a high velocity, tantalum-tungsten, armor penetrator and a method of making such a penetrator 5The standard U.S. A~my anti-armor or armor penetrator material is a liquid phase sintered tungsten, iron nickel copper material, W, Fe, Ni, Cu, which is formed from blended powders that are isostatically pressed and sintered at elevated ten~perature to produce a fully 10dense material. The sinterecl material is then processed into a round bar of the appropriate diameter by any one or combination of skandard metal working operations to form the desired armor penetrator which can vary in si2e from about 7.5 t~ 25 millimeters in diameter with a length to 15diameter ratio of about 15 to 20:1 depending on the application.
Improvements in potential enemy armor plating ; and tank design have necessitated improvements in the U.s.
Army 1 5 anti armor material capability. To defeat the potential enemy's improved armor and tank design, higher launch velocities and improved penetrating capabilities are required. The higher launch velocities and improved penetrating requirements are beyond the capability of the current reference liquid phase sintered tungsten material M73S. Materials with higher strength to withstand launch stresses are required along with maintaining high density and minimizing metallurgical interaction ~etween the armor and the projectile.
$~
BACKGR~OUND OF THE I~NVENTION
The invention relates to an armor penetrator and more particularly to a high velocity, tantalum-tungsten, armor penetrator and a method of making such a penetrator 5The standard U.S. A~my anti-armor or armor penetrator material is a liquid phase sintered tungsten, iron nickel copper material, W, Fe, Ni, Cu, which is formed from blended powders that are isostatically pressed and sintered at elevated ten~perature to produce a fully 10dense material. The sinterecl material is then processed into a round bar of the appropriate diameter by any one or combination of skandard metal working operations to form the desired armor penetrator which can vary in si2e from about 7.5 t~ 25 millimeters in diameter with a length to 15diameter ratio of about 15 to 20:1 depending on the application.
Improvements in potential enemy armor plating ; and tank design have necessitated improvements in the U.s.
Army 1 5 anti armor material capability. To defeat the potential enemy's improved armor and tank design, higher launch velocities and improved penetrating capabilities are required. The higher launch velocities and improved penetrating requirements are beyond the capability of the current reference liquid phase sintered tungsten material M73S. Materials with higher strength to withstand launch stresses are required along with maintaining high density and minimizing metallurgical interaction ~etween the armor and the projectile.
$~
2 55,111 SUMMARY OF THE I~ENTION
~mong the objects of the invention may be noted the provision of high density, high tensile strength, hard material which will withstand the stresses of high launch velocities.
In general, a high velocity armor psnetrator, when made in accordance with the method described in this invention comprises the steps of: blending powdered tungsten and powdered tantalum; encapsulating the blended powder in a metal canister; d~gassing the blended powder in the canister at an elevated temperature by evacuation;
sealing the evacuated canister; and extruding the canister through dies a~ a higher elevated temperature to produce a metal clad bar o~ fully dense tungsten, tantalum, which when further machined or worXed will form a dense, hard armor penetrator with high tensile strength and melting point and one that will minimize metallurgically interac-tion with the armor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention as set forth in the claims will become more apparent by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the process utilized to make a high velocity armor penetrator;
and Figure 2 shows how a l/8 inch bar of the penetrator was bent at room temperature.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings in detail and in particular to Figure 1 there is shown a process or method of making a tungsten tantalum high velocity armor penetrator, which comprises the steps of: supplying powdered tungsten ~rom a hopper 1 and tantalum from a hopper 3 to a blender 5 wherein tungsten and tantalum are thoroughly blended preferably in a ratio of 80 percent by weight of tungsten, W, to 20 percent by weight of tantalum, Ta. While 20 percent tantalum produced very 3 55,111 good properties, it i8 understood tha~ variations generally in the range of plu-~ 3 percent and minus 5 percent will al o provide an improved armor penetrator.
The blended tunysten, tantalum, WTa, is placed in a metal or steel canister 7 having inlet and outlet ports 9 and ll, respectively/ which are connected to a hydrogen, H2, source and a vacuum to facilitate hydrogen degassing at an elevated temperature of ahout 1800F. The evacuated canister 7 is sealed and heated to about 2200F and extruded u~ing a Dynapak high energy extruding machine 13 to provide a fully dense round bar with steel cladding the outer periphery of the fully dense WTa bar. The WTa har is hot swaged to about one half its original diameter or less at about 1300F to fully develop a bar 15 with the desired physical properties. Additional hot working or further reduction in diameter to about 1/7 of its original fully dense diameter may be re~uired to improve the elongation. When penetrating armor the WTa bar 15 will provide minimum interaction with the armor as it will not alloy with the armor as much as the M735 material will.
Following is a table comparing the properties of M735 a material presently used as an armor penetrator and the tungsten tantalum WTa material or bar 15 made in accordance with this invention.
~mong the objects of the invention may be noted the provision of high density, high tensile strength, hard material which will withstand the stresses of high launch velocities.
In general, a high velocity armor psnetrator, when made in accordance with the method described in this invention comprises the steps of: blending powdered tungsten and powdered tantalum; encapsulating the blended powder in a metal canister; d~gassing the blended powder in the canister at an elevated temperature by evacuation;
sealing the evacuated canister; and extruding the canister through dies a~ a higher elevated temperature to produce a metal clad bar o~ fully dense tungsten, tantalum, which when further machined or worXed will form a dense, hard armor penetrator with high tensile strength and melting point and one that will minimize metallurgically interac-tion with the armor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention as set forth in the claims will become more apparent by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the process utilized to make a high velocity armor penetrator;
and Figure 2 shows how a l/8 inch bar of the penetrator was bent at room temperature.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings in detail and in particular to Figure 1 there is shown a process or method of making a tungsten tantalum high velocity armor penetrator, which comprises the steps of: supplying powdered tungsten ~rom a hopper 1 and tantalum from a hopper 3 to a blender 5 wherein tungsten and tantalum are thoroughly blended preferably in a ratio of 80 percent by weight of tungsten, W, to 20 percent by weight of tantalum, Ta. While 20 percent tantalum produced very 3 55,111 good properties, it i8 understood tha~ variations generally in the range of plu-~ 3 percent and minus 5 percent will al o provide an improved armor penetrator.
The blended tunysten, tantalum, WTa, is placed in a metal or steel canister 7 having inlet and outlet ports 9 and ll, respectively/ which are connected to a hydrogen, H2, source and a vacuum to facilitate hydrogen degassing at an elevated temperature of ahout 1800F. The evacuated canister 7 is sealed and heated to about 2200F and extruded u~ing a Dynapak high energy extruding machine 13 to provide a fully dense round bar with steel cladding the outer periphery of the fully dense WTa bar. The WTa har is hot swaged to about one half its original diameter or less at about 1300F to fully develop a bar 15 with the desired physical properties. Additional hot working or further reduction in diameter to about 1/7 of its original fully dense diameter may be re~uired to improve the elongation. When penetrating armor the WTa bar 15 will provide minimum interaction with the armor as it will not alloy with the armor as much as the M735 material will.
Following is a table comparing the properties of M735 a material presently used as an armor penetrator and the tungsten tantalum WTa material or bar 15 made in accordance with this invention.
4 55,111 M735 WTa* WTa**
Composition Wt % ~7~,1.4-~.5Ni 80W,20Ta 80W,20Ta 0.7~1.1Fe+Cu+Co Density, Gm/am3 18.6 18.8 18.8 Tensile Strength Ksi 156-166 260 2~8 Yield Strength Ksi 155~159 254 243 Elongation % 0.6-1.6 0.4 2.5***
Hardness DPH 365-385 575 Melting Point F ~2400 >5400 >5400 WTa* Swaged to -1/2 of fully dense formed diamater.
WTa** Swaged to ~1/7 of fully ~ense ~ormed diameter.
*** WTa is a composite and tensile elongation behavior is not the same as for a monolithic material. An example of the excellent room temperature ductility is shown in Figure 2 which shows the extent to which a 1~8 inch diameter rod was bent at room temperature with out failure.
The swaged tungsten tantalum, WTa, formed by the method described herein advantag~ously produces a high velocity armor penetrator which has high d~nsity , tensile strength and hardness so as to be abl~ to withstand the high launch stresses associated with the high velocities required to def~at improved armor and tank designs.
While the preferred embodiments described herein set forth the best mode to practice this invention presently contemplated by the inventor, numerous modifica-tions and adaptations of this invention will be apparent to others skilled in the art. Therefore, the embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and exemplary and it is understood that numerous modifications and adaptations o~ the invention as described in the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the claims are intended to cover such modifications and adaptations 55, 111 as they are considered to be within the spiri~ and scope of this invention.
Composition Wt % ~7~,1.4-~.5Ni 80W,20Ta 80W,20Ta 0.7~1.1Fe+Cu+Co Density, Gm/am3 18.6 18.8 18.8 Tensile Strength Ksi 156-166 260 2~8 Yield Strength Ksi 155~159 254 243 Elongation % 0.6-1.6 0.4 2.5***
Hardness DPH 365-385 575 Melting Point F ~2400 >5400 >5400 WTa* Swaged to -1/2 of fully dense formed diamater.
WTa** Swaged to ~1/7 of fully ~ense ~ormed diameter.
*** WTa is a composite and tensile elongation behavior is not the same as for a monolithic material. An example of the excellent room temperature ductility is shown in Figure 2 which shows the extent to which a 1~8 inch diameter rod was bent at room temperature with out failure.
The swaged tungsten tantalum, WTa, formed by the method described herein advantag~ously produces a high velocity armor penetrator which has high d~nsity , tensile strength and hardness so as to be abl~ to withstand the high launch stresses associated with the high velocities required to def~at improved armor and tank designs.
While the preferred embodiments described herein set forth the best mode to practice this invention presently contemplated by the inventor, numerous modifica-tions and adaptations of this invention will be apparent to others skilled in the art. Therefore, the embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and exemplary and it is understood that numerous modifications and adaptations o~ the invention as described in the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the claims are intended to cover such modifications and adaptations 55, 111 as they are considered to be within the spiri~ and scope of this invention.
Claims (11)
1. A method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material comprising the steps of:
blending powdered tungsten and powdered tantalum;
encapsulating the blended powder in a metal canister;
degassing the blended powder in the canister at an elevated temperature by evacuation;
sealing the evacuated canister; and extruding the canister through dies at a higher elevated temperature to produce a metal clad bar of fully dense tungsten - tantalum.
blending powdered tungsten and powdered tantalum;
encapsulating the blended powder in a metal canister;
degassing the blended powder in the canister at an elevated temperature by evacuation;
sealing the evacuated canister; and extruding the canister through dies at a higher elevated temperature to produce a metal clad bar of fully dense tungsten - tantalum.
2. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of blending powdered tungsten and powdered tantalum comprises blending generally 80 percent by weight of tungsten and 20 percent by weight of tantalum.
3. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of degassing the blended powder in the canister at elevated temperature comprises degassing at a temperature in the range of 1800°F.
4. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of extruding the canister through dies at a higher elevated temperature comprises extruding at a temperature in the range of 2200°F.
5. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of encapsulating the blended powder in a metal canister comprises encapsulating the blended powder in a steel canister.
6. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of encapsulating the blended powder in a metal canister comprises encapsulating the blended powder in a steel canister with inlet and outlet ports to permit hydrogen degassing.
7. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 6, and further comprising the step of sealing the evacuated canister and extruding the evacuated canister through dies at a temperature of 2200°F to form a fully dense encapsulated bar of tungsten - tantalum.
8. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 1 and further comprising the steps of removing the metal canister from the fully dense tungsten -tantalum bar and hot swaging the tungsten -tantalum bar at a temperature of 1300°F to a reduced diameter.
9. The method of making a high velocity armor penetrator material as set forth in claim 8 wherein the swaging reduces the diameter in the range of half of the original diameter.
10. A tungsten - tantalum material made by the method set forth in claim 1.
11. A tantalum tungsten material comprising generally 20 percent by weight of tantalum and generally 80 percent by weight of tungsten and compressed to develop its full density, hot worked to develop a tensile strength in the range of 250,00 pounds per square inch and having a melting point in the range of 5400°F or more.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/337,604 US4940404A (en) | 1989-04-13 | 1989-04-13 | Method of making a high velocity armor penetrator |
| US337,604 | 1989-04-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2014588A1 true CA2014588A1 (en) | 1990-10-13 |
Family
ID=23321219
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002014588A Abandoned CA2014588A1 (en) | 1989-04-13 | 1990-04-12 | High velocity armor penetrator |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4940404A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0397305A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH02294409A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR900015834A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2014588A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5713981A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1998-02-03 | Teledyne Industries, Inc. | Composite shot |
| US5527376A (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-06-18 | Teledyne Industries, Inc. | Composite shot |
| US6800095B1 (en) | 1994-08-12 | 2004-10-05 | Diamicron, Inc. | Diamond-surfaced femoral head for use in a prosthetic joint |
| US7494507B2 (en) | 2000-01-30 | 2009-02-24 | Diamicron, Inc. | Articulating diamond-surfaced spinal implants |
| US6494918B1 (en) | 2000-01-30 | 2002-12-17 | Diamicron, Inc. | Component for a prosthetic joint having a diamond load bearing and articulation surface |
| US6596225B1 (en) | 2000-01-31 | 2003-07-22 | Diamicron, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing a diamond prosthetic joint component |
| US6517583B1 (en) | 2000-01-30 | 2003-02-11 | Diamicron, Inc. | Prosthetic hip joint having a polycrystalline diamond compact articulation surface and a counter bearing surface |
| US6514289B1 (en) | 2000-01-30 | 2003-02-04 | Diamicron, Inc. | Diamond articulation surface for use in a prosthetic joint |
| US6676704B1 (en) | 1994-08-12 | 2004-01-13 | Diamicron, Inc. | Prosthetic joint component having at least one sintered polycrystalline diamond compact articulation surface and substrate surface topographical features in said polycrystalline diamond compact |
| US5849244A (en) * | 1996-04-04 | 1998-12-15 | Crucible Materials Corporation | Method for vacuum loading |
| US5789698A (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-08-04 | Cove Corporation | Projectile for ammunition cartridge |
| US5847313A (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-12-08 | Cove Corporation | Projectile for ammunition cartridge |
| US6607692B2 (en) | 1997-01-30 | 2003-08-19 | Doris Nebel Beal Intervivos Patent Trust | Method of manufacture of a powder-based firearm ammunition projectile employing electrostatic charge |
| US6551376B1 (en) | 1997-03-14 | 2003-04-22 | Doris Nebel Beal Inter Vivos Patent Trust | Method for developing and sustaining uniform distribution of a plurality of metal powders of different densities in a mixture of such metal powders |
| US6270549B1 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 2001-08-07 | Darryl Dean Amick | Ductile, high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing same |
| US6527880B2 (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2003-03-04 | Darryl D. Amick | Ductile medium-and high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing the same |
| US7267794B2 (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2007-09-11 | Amick Darryl D | Ductile medium-and high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing the same |
| US6248150B1 (en) | 1999-07-20 | 2001-06-19 | Darryl Dean Amick | Method for manufacturing tungsten-based materials and articles by mechanical alloying |
| US6447715B1 (en) * | 2000-01-14 | 2002-09-10 | Darryl D. Amick | Methods for producing medium-density articles from high-density tungsten alloys |
| US6709463B1 (en) | 2000-01-30 | 2004-03-23 | Diamicron, Inc. | Prosthetic joint component having at least one solid polycrystalline diamond component |
| US7217389B2 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2007-05-15 | Amick Darryl D | Tungsten-containing articles and methods for forming the same |
| WO2003064961A1 (en) * | 2002-01-30 | 2003-08-07 | Amick Darryl D | Tungsten-containing articles and methods for forming the same |
| US6749802B2 (en) | 2002-01-30 | 2004-06-15 | Darryl D. Amick | Pressing process for tungsten articles |
| US7000547B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2006-02-21 | Amick Darryl D | Tungsten-containing firearm slug |
| US7059233B2 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2006-06-13 | Amick Darryl D | Tungsten-containing articles and methods for forming the same |
| EP1633897A2 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2006-03-15 | Darryl Dean Amick | System and method for processing ferrotungsten and other tungsten alloys articles formed therefrom and methods for detecting the same |
| US7422720B1 (en) | 2004-05-10 | 2008-09-09 | Spherical Precision, Inc. | High density nontoxic projectiles and other articles, and methods for making the same |
| US8122832B1 (en) | 2006-05-11 | 2012-02-28 | Spherical Precision, Inc. | Projectiles for shotgun shells and the like, and methods of manufacturing the same |
| US8573128B2 (en) * | 2006-06-19 | 2013-11-05 | Materials & Electrochemical Research Corp. | Multi component reactive metal penetrators, and their method of manufacture |
| US9046328B2 (en) | 2011-12-08 | 2015-06-02 | Environ-Metal, Inc. | Shot shells with performance-enhancing absorbers |
| US10690465B2 (en) | 2016-03-18 | 2020-06-23 | Environ-Metal, Inc. | Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same |
| US10260850B2 (en) | 2016-03-18 | 2019-04-16 | Environ-Metal, Inc. | Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE738536C (en) * | 1936-07-14 | 1943-08-19 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag | Process for the production of moldings from materials with different melting points |
| US3946673A (en) * | 1974-04-05 | 1976-03-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Pyrophoris penetrator |
| US4458599A (en) * | 1981-04-02 | 1984-07-10 | Gte Products Corporation | Frangible tungsten penetrator |
| ATE16850T1 (en) * | 1981-04-23 | 1985-12-15 | Norman Allen | EXPLOSIVE SMALL ARMS. |
| US4760794A (en) * | 1982-04-21 | 1988-08-02 | Norman Allen | Explosive small arms projectile |
| DE3476117D1 (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1989-02-16 | Voest Alpine Ag | Sub-calibre penetrator and method of making the same |
| DE3601707A1 (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1987-08-13 | Battelle Institut E V | Process for the manufacture of bodies of high density and high tensile strength |
| US4744944A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1988-05-17 | Gte Products Corporation | Process for producing tungsten heavy alloy billets |
-
1989
- 1989-04-13 US US07/337,604 patent/US4940404A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1990
- 1990-03-15 EP EP90302796A patent/EP0397305A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-04-12 KR KR1019900005034A patent/KR900015834A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-04-12 CA CA002014588A patent/CA2014588A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-04-13 JP JP2099147A patent/JPH02294409A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4940404A (en) | 1990-07-10 |
| EP0397305A1 (en) | 1990-11-14 |
| KR900015834A (en) | 1990-11-10 |
| JPH02294409A (en) | 1990-12-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |