CA1157526A - Method and apparatus for transcutaneous electrical stimulation - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for transcutaneous electrical stimulation

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Publication number
CA1157526A
CA1157526A CA000341154A CA341154A CA1157526A CA 1157526 A CA1157526 A CA 1157526A CA 000341154 A CA000341154 A CA 000341154A CA 341154 A CA341154 A CA 341154A CA 1157526 A CA1157526 A CA 1157526A
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patient
apply
electrical
bio
signal generator
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CA000341154A
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French (fr)
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Jefferson J. Cohen
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36014External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
    • A61N1/36025External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes for treating a mental or cerebral condition
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/369Electroencephalography [EEG]
    • A61B5/377Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/369Electroencephalography [EEG]
    • A61B5/377Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
    • A61B5/383Somatosensory stimuli, e.g. electric stimulation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36014External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
    • A61N1/36021External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes for treatment of pain
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S128/00Surgery
    • Y10S128/905Feedback to patient of biological signal other than brain electric signal

Abstract

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A method and apparatus for monitoring and obtaining actual bio-electrical characteristics of a subject, such as EEG, or determinants of the psycho-electro-physiological state of the subject, under predetermined conditions of evoked response stimuli, and by interaction with a computer, apply cutaneous electrical stimulation to the subject, using a signal generator to modify current amplitude and frequency in a direction to achieve bio-electrical characteristics in the subject related to the actual bio-electrical characteristics monitored. The signal generator may have an output of several frequencies simultaneously, and uses a sinusoidal waveform output, with battery power passed through a transformer to power a transconductance amplifier to obtain constant current output despite resistance changes in the line with the subject, and with the transformer not placed in the signal path of the sinusoidal waveform.

Description

`
L 1 57$26 sACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to bio-electric stimulators and more particularly to stimulation by trans-cutsneous application of electricity as a therapeut~c tool.
In medicine the earliest known bio-electric stimulators utilized for the direct application of electricity ~o the human skin as a therapeutic tool appeared around 17S0. The direct application of electrical stimulation to human neuronal tissue or stimulation has also been in a therapeut~c usè for ~he past 20 years.
Various therapeutic applications of mild electric stimulation, in contrast to gross stimulation such as electroconvulsive shock, directly applied to human skin has beenpurported to include sleep induction or curing of in~omnia, anesthesia, analgesia, attenuation of withdrawal rom drug addic~ion, relief from asthma, as well as relief from anxiety and depression.
The therapeutic applications of direct electrical stimulation to neural tissue or su~cutaneous stimulation includes induction of analgesia, allevation of symptoms of multiple ~clerosis, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and spasticity, acilitatîon of the healing of non-union bone rac~ures~
cardlac and diaphragm pacemakers, as well as electrical bladder control. Another application of electrical stimulation i~ in the field of bio-research, primarily electrophysiology.

,~

,~,, ~ 157~

SU~IA~
It is an ob~ect o~ the present lnvention to be ~ble to provide a unlque medical record of the brainls electrophysiological state and its response to different ~requencies ~nd type-Q of stimulation which is of grea~ value in the field of neurology. The present invention can also be utilized for the study of in~elligenee and psychoneuro-logical disorders.
A further advantage of the present invention is i~s use in ~he electrical stimulator of a constant current outpu~. The advantage of a ~onstant current output is that it au~oma~ically accounts and corrects for any fluctuations ~n electrical resistance ~hat may occur within the o~er-all 8y8t2m. This would no~ be accounted for by a constan~
Yoltage output. Constant current al50 provides a superior margin of electrical safety in comparison with constant v~l~age where fluctuations in elec~rical resistance can cause shocking to the subjert. Changes ln resistance could be due~to n~ural endogenous fluctuations in ~he resistance of human ti~ue; i.e. perspiration, or exogenous resistance fluctu-a~ions caused by ~he drying out of electrode paste used with the electrodes.

o2--1157~6 An~ther adva~tage i~ use of constant current which re~embles the natural current flow ln neuro-electrophysiology.
C~ution must be exerci~ed if a constant vol~age source ls appl~ed instead of ~on~tant current since a person could serve ~8 ~ rectifying lo~d ~hereby leavLng a net ~ e on thR pexson's body which would lead to desensitization.
An addl~ional ~afety feature of ~he present invention ~s a clipping ~ystem used i~ the electr~cal stimula~or . It i8 a further ob~ect of the present invention to eseablish a system for back and forth interaetion be~ween an electr~cal stimulator and a control computer.
ADother ob3ect of the presen~ ~nvention ~s ts dis-close a method and apparatus which operates in response to an ac~ual psy~x~electro-physiological ~tate to m~dify current ~mplitude and frequency in a direction to chieve the desired such ~tate. In a re limited aspect, in respon~e ~o an actual EEG, to modify amplitude of curren~ and frequency in a direction to achieve a desired EE~.
Further, it i~ an object to achi~ve ~ueh ~tate by cutaneous electrlcal stimulation.
Also lt i~ an ob~ ect to ob~ain therapy for the ~u~ect ~y producing altered subjecti~e electro-physiolog~eal ~t~es~D the ~ub~ect. Value sf ~he present inYention ~ r ~ ~hown in ehe relief of subjective physiological dis~re~
a~soc~ated with d~ea~e a~ well as crestln~ a favorable ~ub~ective physiological state ln ~he normal ~u~ec~.

, ~ .

It~752~

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The inven~ion can best be unders~ood by referring to the accompanying drawings ~n which:
F~g. 1 is an illustra~ion of the system of the . present inventlon connected to a ~ubject;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram ~llustra~lon of the over-all system;
Fig. 3 i~ an enlarged view o ~he front panel of a signal generator used in ~he system;
Fig. 4 is an enlarged Y~ew of the front panel of the electrical stimulator used in ~he system;
Fi~. 5 is a blcck-schematic dia~ram of the ~ignal generator and electrical stimulator of Figs. 3 and 4, respectively;
F~g. 6 is a gr~ph ~howing frequency outputs for the knob se~t~ngs of the signal generator of Fig. 3;
: Fig. 7 i~ a graph showing frequency band ou~pu~s ~or ~nob settings on the electr~cal stimulator of Fig. 4; and Fig. 8 i~ a graph of ~he curren~ output level of : 20 the electrical stimulator of Fig. 4 with respect ~o amplitude control knob settin~s.
Apparatus for therapeutic treatment of a patient comprising means to apply cutaneous electrical stimulation at the head area of the patient, electrical means connected to said applying means to achieve bio-electrical characteristics in the patient including signal generator means for generating a continuous sine wave, means for varying the frequency of the sine wave, means to monitor and obtain the actual bio-electrical characteristics of the patient under predetermined conditions ~4-1 15~526 and m~ans to modify current amplitude and frequency in said means to apply cutaneous electrical stimulation- to achieve bio-electrical characteristics in the patient related to the actual bio-electrical characteristics monitored, said signal generator means including constant current means to maintain a constant current output to the patient at any setting of current amplitu~e irrespective of changes in circuit resis-tance at the head area of the patient.

-4a-l 157~26 DESCRIPTION OF T~IE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
First the theoretical basis of the present invention is discussed in terms of its output wave shape, frequency coding and physiology, as well as human neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and neuropsychology.
A sinusoidal wave shape is the choice for use in the presen~ invention based upon the desire to minimize the ampli~ude of the stimulating current and the o~servation by the present inventor that a sinusoidal wave shape is approxi-mately 15 times more efective than a square wave in afecting the physiological state of mammilian neuronal tissue.
A pilot study performed in conjunction with studies for the present invention showed unpleasant subjective side effects for a square wave form and none such side effects for a sinusoidal wave form. A further convenience of the sinusoid is its simple frequency domain representation.
The frequency coding of individual neurons for both communication and in response to electrical stimulation, as well as the ability to induce electrocortical activity;
e.g., recruitment of EEG, are well established facts in neuroscience. The frequency coding phenomenon may have to do with the temporal summation of the excitatory effect of a neurotransmitter at the synapse between neurons, or endogenous electrical time constants of neuronal membrances which are independent of neurotransmi~ters. It is the intent of the electrical stimulator in the present invention to try to excite endogenous rhythms within the brain as well as 1 ~5752~

to s~imulate particular brain regions to produce a psychotherapeutic affect. The frequency coding properties of a human's brain sub;ective psychological states in response to cutaneous application of this stimulator are demonstratable by experiments of the present invention.

By placing two electrodes on a human subject's skin over the jawbone in front of each earlobe and passing a current between them, there is created an electron flow of which approximately 95% passes through the face and 5% passes through the cranium. This 5% has been demonstrated to be capable of inducing slight fluctuations in brain electrical potentials for the duration of the stimulation in humans.
These fluctuations could account for one of the ways in which the machine used in the present invention could induce electrocortical activity; the other possible type of electrocortical induction is discussed later in dealing with the nucleus of the reticular formation.
The 95% of the current flow passing through the face is capable of directly inducing fluctuations in the resting membrane potentials of the nerve ibers innervating the face and the entire underlying musculature. The sensory and motor fibers being stimulated primarily involve the fifth (V) cranial nerve, the trigeminal. Other cranial nerve fibers are stimulated as well including nerves VII, X, XI and XII. The primary locus of the theoretical basis of the mechanism of action of the machine in the present: inventiOn concerns the crigeninal nerve. The ceLl bodies of its primary sensory fibers are located deep within the midbrain in the ~rigeminal nucleus. These cell bodies are the only unencapsulated primary sensory neurons within the central nervous system. It is the intent of the stimulator of the present invention, by the method of the present invention, to selectively stimulate ~hese neurons with differen~
frequencies of electrical stimulation, in effect to affect their activity and the activity of associated neurons in other brain s~em nuclei. Through this process one is able to incluce neuroelectrical and endogenous neurochemical changes in the human brain state.
Stimula~ion of the trigeminal nucleus and its sensory fibers as well as classical acupuncture has been demonstrated to be capable of inducing electrocortical activi,ty. Both the putative neurotransmitters, Substance P
and Enkephalin, have been found in neurons within this nucleus. Both of these putatiYe neurotransmitters have been pos,ulated to be involved with limbic emotional brain functions.
It should be men~ioned here that ~he Enkaphalins have been demonstrated to be our own endogenous opiate-like subs~ance.
Both the antidepressants and the tranquilizers are drugs which exert an influence on this nucleus within the brain.
The following brain stem nuclei mentioned all have lntimate neuronal connections with the trigeminal nucleus.
The nucleus ambiguus contains some of the cell bodies of cranial nerves IX, X and IX. The auricular branch of the vagus nerve (X) enters the trigeminal nucleus from the nucleus ambiguus. The fibers from the vagus nerve ~X) 11~7~6 provide primary cen~ral sensory and motor innervations of the heart, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract.
The primary role of the nucleus of the reticular formation is in the regulation of all types of electrocortical S activity.
The portion of the reticular formation comprising the nucleus gigantocellularis within the pontine tegmentum has been found to be essential for dreamlng ta occur. The nucleus gigantocellularis has also been demonstrated to have intimate neurochemical associations with the trigeminal nucleus.
The central gray region contains among the densest concentration of Enkephalins within the brain; if stimulated electrically it will induce analgesia in humans.
The neurons within the raphae nuclei utilize the neurotransmitter serotonin which is involved in the fundamental regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and is a system which is affected by psychedelic drugs.
The locus coeruleui, blue in their natural state within the brain, contain cell bodies which are adjacent to cell bodies of the trigeminal nucleus. This close anatomical relationship would facilitate an electrotonic interaction between these two groups of cell bodies. The locus coeruleus is one of the primary sources of the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system within the human brain.

1~57~26 Tllis system i5 involved with learning and memory, depression and pleasure, and cer~aln psychotic disorders. It is affected by drugs such as cocaine and heroin.
The vestibular nucleus i5 involved with our sense of balance as well as nausea.
The inferior and superior colliculi are associated with a primitive body, space, auditory, and visual sense system.
The cerebellum portion of our brain represents a primitive motor cortex and plays a role in complex timing functions, learning and memory, and execution of complex motor tasks.
The present invention is concerned with the above theoretical basis but it is from investigations by the inventor that the method and apparatus of the invention has evolved.
Figs. 1 and 2 show the over-all system. The signal generator electrical stimu~a~or apparatus 10 is composed of a triple output signal generator 11 and electrical stimulator 12 interfaced to be under control of computer 13.
Although signal generator 11 and electrical stimulator 12 are shown in the illustrated embodiment of Figs. 1 and 2; as many generators as necessary may be utilized or electrical stimulator 12 may be used alone. Outputs rom apparatus 10 go to the subject S and to computer 13.
Evoked response system 15 may be any audio, visual, tactile, or situational stimuli whatsoever and this system is also interfaeed with computer 13.

1 15~526 Examples of evoked-response stimuli are:
1. Audio stimuli such as any good commercial music synthersizer which can be interfaeed to eomputer 13.
A well lnterfaced and controlled sound reproduction system is also desired.
2. Visual stimuli such as any standard video camera and monitor system in closed circuit tel~vision. A
video synthesizer would also be included in thl~ system.
3. Tactile stimuli which could lnclude such things as a solenoid or piezoelectric activated skin stimulator, an electric vibrator, such as the type used fo~
massage, or bone conduction hearing aids.
4. Psychological stimuli which concern the conditions under which ~he subject is being tested. This could be programmed into computer 13.
Monitoring system 17 which is also interfaced with computer 13 and receives outputs from subjects, is composed of three sub-systems (not shown). These s9ub-systems are:
1. A transducer system which receives inputs from any electrophysiological parameter which may be monitored from the subject; e.g., electrocardiogram ~EKG), electromyelogram ~EMG), galvanized skin resistance (GSR)9 electro-oculogram (EOG), blood pressure, breathing, etc.
This system also utilizes a video camera, microphone, or electric light pencil as a type of input.

~ 1$~52~

2. A prcprocessing signal conditioning system which receives input from the transducer system and is interfaccd such that it may be computer-controlled. This serves to provide a usable signal for the computer 13 and signal analysis (see ollowing) systems. This system sends outputs to computer 13 and the signal analysis system. This system consists of preamplifiers, amplifiers, band pass amplifiers, etc.
3. A signal analysis system to perform real time analysis of the incoming data for the controlling computer 13. Examples of types of signal analysis performed include statistical temporal correlation, photo and accoustic spectroscopy, EEG filtering techniques, Fourier analysis, and other forms of linear and non-linear signal analysis.
Many components of this system could be incorporated into computer 13.
Monitoring here is done at the subject leads instead of at the primary side of the transformer in order to better account for variable impedances at the subject such as at the electrodes.
Computer 13 is a high-speed digital type of computer, capable of performing statistical correlative analysis and possessing a large amount of memory circuitry. Computer 13 is fully interfaced with the signal generator electrical system 1~, the evoked response system lS, the preprocessing signal conditioning system and the signal analysis system, both described above as parts of monitcring system 17.

~ 157~2~

The function of computer 13 is to interactively simulate the sub~ect S with the signal generating system 10 and the evoked response system 15 and monitor and analyze the data from the monitoring system 17 to induce a particular electrical or subjective state.
Computer 13 analyzes the EEG from output obtained via the signal analysis system in terms of evoked potentials, event-related potentials, pre- or pos~-stimulus potentials of an extremely long or short duration, habituation or dishabituation of evoked response, synchronization of output, fluctuations in negative or positive pre- or post-stimulus potentials, and recruitment of EEG frequencies with respect to frequencies of stimulation. Computer 13 is then programmed to correlate the EEG analysis data with the chemical, physiological, and psychological state of the subject S.
The chemical state refers to whether the subject is under the influence or addicted to any drugs. The physio-logical state refers to any electrophysiological parameters being monitored by the computer. The psychological state refers to the subjec~ive or objective psychological state and the state of attention of the subject, as well as psychologica profiles of,say, a movie being observed ~e.g., male vs. emale characters) or performance in a pinball game (e.g., a hit vs.
a miss).
Computer 13 will continually interface or mediate a two-way interaction between a subject's psychoelectrophysio-logical state and the stimuli to which the subject is being exposed or with which the subject is interacting. This application of computer 13 can be under control of either the subJect or the observer.

11~7~26 For example, computer 13 can be programmed to automaeically be able to compare and contrast different combinations and permutations of different frequencies of cutaneous electrical stimulation to determine which has the most efficient output in evoking the recruitment of synchronization of EEG activity. The latter is associated with a pleasurable or sedated state of consciousness.
Computer 13 may modulate the evoked response system 15 as well, to achieve the same effect.
By comparing the components of electrocortical pre- post stimulus potentials evoked responses and utilizin~
amplitude discrimination and monitoring the sequPntial frequency over time, computer 13 is able to modulate cutaneous current levels and frequencies utilizing the signal generator electrical stimulator system to prevent habituation or desensitization of the subject's electrophysiological state.
This is a method by which computer 13 quantitatively mainta~ns tingling subjective levels of electrical current.
Biofeedback parameters such as blood pressure, electrocardiogram, or breathing, which are monitored by the transducer system of monitoring system 17, may be analyzed by computer 13 and can be systematically correlated with the frequency dimension of the cutaneous electrical stimulation.
Computer 13 can systematically evoke different frequencies of cutaneous stiulation to modulate cardiovascular or pulmonary rates to desired therapeutic levels.

1 ~575~6 For example, in therapeutic applications, while listening to a song, certain notes or patterns in the rhythm are correlated by computer 13 with the subject's electro-physiolo~ical state. Computer 13 can either accentuate the stimulus ~in this case by affecting either the volume or timing of the music through the evoked response system 15)J
or the brain's electrical state (utilizing signal generator electrical stimulator system 10), or both in order to helghten the sub~ect's awareness of both. This same logic may be applied towards a game of pinbal'l, or a movie, any type of stimulus which may be applied therapeutically, or to maintain a high state of attentiveness in a subject for performance of a complex task.
Signal generator 11 is shown as connected to computer 13 and is a triple output signal generator used to send a large range of frequencies and combinations of these requencies, through electrical stimulator 12 to a pair of elec~rodes 18 placed on the skin of subject's approximately 1/4 inch anterior to each earlobe. The electrodes 18 may be dime electrodes, made in size, shape, and material similar ~o that coin. Although signal generator 11 is illustrated here, it is possible to practice the present invention with only electrical stimulator 12 of signal generator electrical stimulator apparatus 10, but at a sacrifice in general useful range. As illustrated in the enlarged view of its front panel in Fig. 3 and one portion of the block-schemati~ diagram of Fig. 5, slgnal generator 11 18 composed of three waveform generators 21A, 21B, 21C, ~14-each with its frequency control 22A, 22B and 22C, respectively, and its bandswitch control 23A7 23B and 23C, respectively.
Power is supplied to the waveform generators 21A, 21B, 21C
through power charge switch 24 from two 6-volt batteries connected in series for a 12-volt power supply (rechargeable ~s two 6-volt bat~eries in parallel). A battery low indicator 25 shown here as a light which indicates a need to recharge batteries is connected to power charge switch 24. Current output controls 26A, 26B, 26C from each of the waveform generators 21A, 21B, 21C, respectively, are illustrated as potentiometers 26A', 26B', 26C' and are connected to output terminal 29 through inverting amplifier 27 and master current control 28, noted as potentiometer 28'. A power switch and power-on indicator light are also shown for their normal purposes. All ground connections for signal generator 11 and electrical s~imulator 12 are connected as a common ground.
Each of the frequency bandswitch controls 23A, 23B, 23C have bandswitch positions A, B> and C designated with A
d~signating the low frequency band, B designating a medium frequency band, and C designating a high frequency band. The frequency ou~put for the knob settings on each of frequency - con~rols 22A, 22B, 22C in each of the three bands A, B, and C
is shown on the graph of Fig. 6. The three cur~es thereon designate the frequency in hertz for the knob settings on the particular signal g~nerator used but this can be worked out for other signal generators which preferably will operate 11S7~26 ln the same ranges. For the particular signal generator used, the master control 28 regulated the over-all current output with a 10 mA maximum output current from amplifier 27. Each of waveform generators 21A, 21B, 21C in the preamplifier had a 1.3V peak signal. This signal generator's amplifier had a lOmA/V transfer function with the amplifier's level control at the full clockwise position.
The amplitude controls on the signal generator were calibrated within 5%. The individual level controls may be viewed as weighing factors and the master control as an over-all multiplier. The signals add in quadrature, i.e.:

Peak output voltage (V) = Ao (A12 + A22 + A32) 1/2 (1.3) - where Ao is the setting of the master level control.
~ Al, A2, and A3 are the settings of the individual level controls.
- 1.3V is the peak output of the device.

It should be noted that the controls as illustrated read ten times the actual level (i.e., 0 to 10 instead of 0 to 1).
~` 20 The particular signal generator speeifications are to clearly illustrate a working embodiment but should not be construed as absolute limits since other signal generators that can be operated in these frequency ranges with similar output waveforms, particularly sinusoidal waveforms, can be used. Also the use of a triple output signal generator illustrated allows a wider range of results ~ut the outpu~ o simulator 12 alone is sufflcient for some more limited purposes.

-lS-~ }

~ ~S7$26 5ignal generator output terminal 29 is connected to electrical stimulator 12 as shown in Fig. 5, mainly utllizing ampllfier sharacter$seics of electrical stimulator 12 by passing the signal from terminal 29 through eurrent ~mplitude control potentiometer 31', inpu~ amplifier 32, and output transconductance amplifier 33 to electrodes 18 coneacting the sub~ect S. Transconductance amplifier 33 maintains the constant current output despite fluctuations in the load.
Referring ~o Fig. 49 the fro~ panel of electrical stimulator 12 has a frequency control 34, current output control 35, frequency band switch 36, with clipping indicator lights 37, battery low indicator light 38 and a pilot light with the on-off switch with capabilities of a single output instead of the triple output of signal generator 11.
: Referring ~o the block-schematic of Fig. 5~
elertrical stimulator 12 has a 6-volt battery supply. To this is connected battery low comparator 38, used in coniunctior with a diode reference (not shown~, and relaxation oscillator 41. Most any DC input can be used but the battery connection illustrated is preferred. From relaxa~ion oscillator 41 a square wave output is bufered by lnverting buffer 42, and non-inverting buffer 43 with thelr complementary outputs driving a pair of power transistors 44 which chop the 6-volt battery voltage at a rate of sever~l kilohertæ and drive step-up transfvrmer 45. The indueed voltage in the primary i8 full wave rec~ified to provid~ +10 volt supply 460 The seeondary drives a f~ll wave doubler cirruit that provides
5~ volt 8upply 47.

1 157~26 Transformer 45 is used to match a high impedance load (the subject) and simple, safe, lcw-voltage circuitry without having the transformer in the signal path. In other machines of the type for electrical stimulation that use transformers, the fact that the transformer is in the signal path implies that all sorts of distortions that are inherent to the transformer such as frequency limiting effects and the fact that no DC current may pass through a transformer wlll interEere with the signal output from these other simulators.
In the machine of the present invention, the transformer is run at the optimal frequency and only as a power supply in order to produce the high voltage output and rectify it back to DC. ~Therefore, in this circuit a low-voltage battery has been transformed into a high-voltage battery which powers a high-voltage circuit, namely the transconductance amplifier 33 which puts out a constant current independent of load impedance. Because it has been shown that sensation is proportional to current and not to power, this type of constant current output prevents any problems concerning changing resistance of skin or electrode pas~e on neuron resting membrane potential. Therefore, in this machine nothing inherently limits the bandwidth within the circuit.
The lOV supply 46 powers waveform generator 48. The frequency is set by 3 band-switched capacitors 36' and the frequency control 34 potentiometer. Sine, sawtooth, and .. .. .

1 1S7S2~

square wave ou~puts are provided but the present invention uses the sine wave output. Due to the dlfferent levels and output impedences of the outputs, compensating resistor networks 49 are included. The ~ 50V supply 47 supplies power to h~gh compliance transconductance amplifier 33. A ~ 15V
supply is provided ~y a zener regulated supply for operation of ~nput amplifier 32 which drives transconductance output stage amplifier 33.
The load is driven in a floating configuration with the current sensed across at 100 Ohm resistor 51 which provides a 10 mA/V transfer function.
Sense resistor 51 is used since monitoring is done at the subject leads and not on the primary side of variable loss transformer 45.
The setting for the frequency output on each of bands A, B, and C for the knob settings on frequency control 34 is shown on the graph of Fig. 7. The current output level for the knob settings on current output control 35 is shown on the graph of Fig. 8. These figures give a basis for frequency ranges and current levels used in the present invention An example of operation of apparatus of the present invention which demonstrates the frequency coded properties of human subjective psychological brain states as evoked by cutaneous electrical ~timulation is as follows.

The subject should sit or lie down, relaxed> in a quiet room without any loud auditory or v~sual distractions.
D~me electrodes 18 are placed approximately 1/4 inch anterior tO each earlobe with electrode pa5te placed between the skin ~nd each electrode to serve as a conducting medium. The electrodes 18 may be held in place by the use of a standard athletic headband as shown. The current setting on the stimulator 12 is increased un~il a tingling sensation is felt 8t the electrodes. The ~nitial frequency of sti~ulation may be randomly set.
Sufficient current must be emitted at the electrodes at all times so that a subjective sensation of slight tingling be felt at the electrodes. Any changes in the sensation at ~he electrodes may require adjustment of current ~ntensity ~n order to continue to evoke the sli~ht tingling sensation.
The subjective sensation of eutaneous electrical stimulation is a function of the current, the frequency of the stimulation, both adjusted by electrical stimulator 12 (or signal generator 11), and the sta~e of ~elaxation of the subject S.
In obtaining a profile of an individual subject adjustments of apparatus are made based on verbal feedback from the subject. The frequency output is adjus~ed to maintain the "slight tlngling sensation" at electrodes lB.
' The subjec~ reports any unusual auditory, visual, ~ensual vibration, or other sensastion experienced. The subject may control stimulator 12 himself to effect ~arious fre~uPncy ~ 1~752~

sensi~ive subJective psychological states. Frequency outputs of stimulator 12 may also be adjusted wlthout the subiect's know~edge to collect further da~a.
Alternatively because of monitoring system 17 effects of the stimulation are obtainable even if the subject is unconscious and electrical stimulation can be applied without verbal feedback from the sub;ect.
Within the range of the equipment of the present invention several distinct frequency sensitive subjective psychological states may be observed in the subject.
Between the frequency range of 5 and 10 hertz sub;ects reported that their visual field appeared to be pulsating or oscillating. This was not accompanied by any apparent movement of the eyeballs.
At the next higher frequency of stimulation, from 10 Hz to 70 Hz, subjects reported a flickering pale white light, usually in the periphery of their visual fields which got faster with increasing frequencies of stimula~ion and eventually disappeared at 70 Hz.
At the 70 Hz to 130 Hz frequencies, sub3ects reported the feeling of a unique sensation of a relaxing hum, buzz, or vlbration resonating from deep within their heads. In most most eases this sensation peaks at 70 Hz.
~hen more than one frequency is applied such as when using ~riple ou~pu~ signal generator 11 in the system, - psychological states of the severai frequencies will be experienced.

i ~5752~

The present invention is used to induce different psychological statcs but due to the appara~us of ~his invention such states can be reached more quickly and with less current, thus reducing the danger from such currents to the subject.
The present invention has numerous practical applications dependent on attainment of these psyehological states and controlled maintaining of such a state.
The subject first performs an act or is subjected to evoked response system 15. Such evoked response could include listening to certain sounds, seeing certain pictures, stimulation of the skin, subjection to a particular environ~
ment, or taking o~ a drug, such as by an addict. The monitoring system 17 receives electro-physiological parameters monitored~from the subject and feeds this information to computer 13. Using this in~ormation~ the electrical para-meters of stimulation by the signal generator electrical stimulator apparatus lO to electrically mimick the effects of the evoked response system in the subject can be determined.
Computer 13 can be connected to control stlmulation apparatus 10 to vary in accordance with maintaining a particular state based on information being received from monitoring system 17.
An important aspect of such a system is that by cutaneous electrical stimulation to produce particular psychological states, the need of the original evoked response system may be then eliminated and the subject may then be subjected or brought to the desired psychological state 1 1$75~

without repeating of the evoked response system which system as originally applied to the subj ect, may have deleterious effects on the subject. One such case may be i.n respect to additive drugs where their effect on the body may be stimulated by cutaneous electrical stimulation at the point where the electrodes 18 of the present invention are placed on the subj ect. Such electrical stimulation being possible of close control may help in overcoming withdrawal symptoms without the use of the deleterious drug. Concomitantly with the cutaneous electrical stimulation for attenwation of with-drawal symptoms the subj ect may self-administer nitrous oxide gas (N2O) tor a similar type cognitive activator) at physio-logical concentrations of approximately 60% N2O and 40%
oxygen where conscious awareness is maintained. Such self-administration of N20 is to facilitate the formation o neuronal connections and the consolida~ion of the memory of the experience and should lessen the time needed for withdrawal than use of cutaneous stimulation alone. This process will serve to permit the former drug addicts to have conscious awareness of their natural electro-cotical and electro-chemical state which they had been artifically inducing with the drugs. By sensitizing these natural systems within the brain through the use of cutaneous electrical stimulation, - this process will induce an antibuse type of physiologicalsta~e in the event of further drug use. Since the efects of cutaneous electrical stimulation involve primarily regions ~1575~6 of the brain involved with non-verbal conscious states of awareness, this therapy should include psychotherapy to bring to the subject's conscious awareness, through verbal communication, the effects of the electrical stimulation being administered. This may be done by electronically inducing a hypnotic state of awareness in the subject at which time a trained psychotherapist can explain to the subject that future self-administration of the drug is not necessary. If the desire for the drug should occur this desire can be relieved by the electrical s-timulator wh~ch would reduce the physiological creaving for the drug as well as evoking a psychoelectrical stimulus which is associated with a psychological state in which the drug is unnecessary.
Other uses may be made of the apparatus of the present invention and the method of the present invention may be applied to obtain other therapeutic results.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification.

Claims (12)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. Apparatus for therapeutic treatment of a patient comprising means to apply cutaneous electrical stimulation at the head area of the patient, electrical means connected to said applying means to achieve bio-electrical characteristics in the patient including signal generator means for generating a continuous sine wave, means for varying the frequency of the sine wave, means to monitor and obtain the actual bio-electrical characteristics of the patient under predetermined conditions and means to modify current amplitude and frequency in said means to apply cutaneous electrical stimulation to achieve bio-electrical characteristics in the patient related to the actual bio-electrical characteristics monitored, said signal generator means including constant current means to maintain a constant current output to the patient at any setting of current amplitude irrespective of changes in circuit resistance at the head area of the patient.
2. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said signal generator means has at least one sinusoidal output of variable frequency and current amplitude.
3. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said bio-electrical characteristics are the EEG of the patient.
4. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said bio-electrical characteristics are the psycho-electro-physio-logical state of the patient.
5. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, comprising a computer means connected to said monitoring means and said means to apply cutaneous electrical stimulation to receive information from said monitoring means as to the actual bio-electrical characteristics of the patient and to control said means to apply cutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the patient in accordance with the receipt of the information from said monitoring means.
6. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 5, comprising means to apply evoked response stimuli by psycho-physical in-teraction to the patient, said means to apply stimuli being connected to and responding to interaction with said computer means.
7. An apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1, 5 or 6, wherein said means to apply cutaneous electrical stimu-lation includes a pair of electrodes adapted for placement closely anterior of the earlobes of the patient.
8. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said signal generator means includes a battery power supply, low voltage circuitry connected to said battery power supply, sinusoidal waveforming means connected in a signal path from said low voltage circuitry to said constant current means, and transformer means to power said constant current means connected between said low voltage circuitry and said constant current means in a second path other than said signal path containing said sinusoidal waveforming means.
9. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said constant current means includes a transconductance amplifier having an output to the patient.
10. An apparatus as claimed in Claims 1, 8 or 9, wherein said signal generator means includes amplifier means connected in said signal path from said waveforming means to said constant current means, said amplifier means also being connected to one of a pair of electrodes and said constant current means being connected to the other of said pair of electrodes.
11. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said signal generator means includes a sensing resistor means to monitor the output to the patient connected to ground from a connection from an amplifier means and an electrode to a pair of electrodes connected thereto.
12. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, com-prising means to apply evoked response stimuli by psycho-physical interaction to the patient, means to apply evoked response stimuli by psycho-physical interaction to the patient, a computer means connected to said monitoring means and said means to apply evoked response stimuli to receive information from said monitoring means as to the bio-electrical character-istics of the patient and to control said means to apply evoked response stimuli to control the evoked response stimuli applied to the patient in accordance with the receipt of the information from said monitoring means.
CA000341154A 1979-06-29 1979-12-04 Method and apparatus for transcutaneous electrical stimulation Expired CA1157526A (en)

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