CA1148433A - Stereotactic surgery apparatus and method - Google Patents
Stereotactic surgery apparatus and methodInfo
- Publication number
- CA1148433A CA1148433A CA000349572A CA349572A CA1148433A CA 1148433 A CA1148433 A CA 1148433A CA 000349572 A CA000349572 A CA 000349572A CA 349572 A CA349572 A CA 349572A CA 1148433 A CA1148433 A CA 1148433A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- frame
- coordinates
- stereotactic
- coordinate system
- respect
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
- A61B90/11—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis with guides for needles or instruments, e.g. arcuate slides or ball joints
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
Abstract
P.C. 6157 STEREOTACTIC SURGERY APPARATUS AND METHOD
Abstract A stereotactic surgery frame with x-ray detectable fiducial markers (100, 102, 104) is presented. The frame is fixed with respect to a patient's anatomy and defines a predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system (X, Y, Z) in which surgical devices may be precisely positioned. A desired target area of the anatomy is detected in a cross-sectional CT
scanner depiction of the combined stereotactic frame and patient anatomy. The target's X, Y, Z coordinates with respect to the frame are calculated based on three non-collinear fiducial points (F1, F2, F3) located within the cross-section and having known coordinates both with respect to the frame and with respect to the target. Thus, the surgical device can be precisely applied in the target area.
Abstract A stereotactic surgery frame with x-ray detectable fiducial markers (100, 102, 104) is presented. The frame is fixed with respect to a patient's anatomy and defines a predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system (X, Y, Z) in which surgical devices may be precisely positioned. A desired target area of the anatomy is detected in a cross-sectional CT
scanner depiction of the combined stereotactic frame and patient anatomy. The target's X, Y, Z coordinates with respect to the frame are calculated based on three non-collinear fiducial points (F1, F2, F3) located within the cross-section and having known coordinates both with respect to the frame and with respect to the target. Thus, the surgical device can be precisely applied in the target area.
Description
~ 3~ P.C. 6157 STEREOT~CTIC SURGERY APPAR~TUS AND METHOD
.
:This invention generally relates to stereotactic :sur~ical apparatus and method, In particular, the invention pertains to method and apparatus which permits more accurate use of stereotactic frames than has here-5 tofore been possible, In the past, stereotactic surgery has been somewha~
of an art based upon average or other statistical measurements of anatomical structures, Thus, although many varied surgical devices can be precisely positioned within a predetermined three-dimensional coordinates.
system defined by the stereotactic frame, there were no precision procedures for determining the exact location or target area of a specific patient within such a coordinate system, : 15Since computed tomographic (C~) X-ray scanners .~ have come into common usage, attempts have been made by others to utilize in stereotactic surgery the additional, more precise information available in . cross-sectional depictions of anatomy provided by CT
scanners, However, it is believed that these attempts by others have involved the use of data derived from multiple cross-sectional depictions taken at successive increments, The use of data taken from such plural cross-sectional depictions not only increases the necessary X-ray exposure suffered by the patient but also necessarily introduces additional errors in the resuiting procedure caused by such factors as patient movement between scans, imprecise bed movements, etc, .,, ~, ~
, ~ , --2~
It has now been discovered that, by suitably modifying the stereotactic frame, data required for calculating the stereotactic frame coordinates of an anatomical target can be obtained from onlv a single CT scan of the combined stereotactic frame and patient anatomy. In brief, the stereotactic frame is modified so as to define three fiducial points located within any such cross-sectional depiction. Coordinates are readily determinable or are known for these fiducial points with respect to both the stereotactic frame and with respect to the CT scanner. Since the desired anatomical target area also has known or readily deter-minable coordinates with respect to the CT scanner, a relatively simple mathematical calculation may then be made to transform the target's CT scanner coordinates into corresponding stereotactic frame coordinates which may then be used during a stereotactic surgical procedure.
In the preferred exemplary embodiment, the three fiducial points within any given cross-sectional depiction are defined by three respectively corresponding fiducial plates or diagonal rods detachably mounted on three sides of the stereotactic frame. Each plate has a variable cross-section extending along a first dimension for a predetermined distance with varies with respect to a second dimension, inclined with respect to said first dimension. For example, the plate may comprise a series of parallel grooves or slots having lengths which progressively increase from one slot to the next. The frame coordinates of each slot end-point are known and one can determine which end~point lies within the depicted cross-section by simply counting the number of displayed slots.
, :. , . ::
;
In accordance with one aspect of this invention, there is provided apparatus for use in performing stereotactic surgery in conjunction with an X-ray CT scanner capable of measuring relative X-ray absorption within elemental volumes of a desired cross-section of the anatomy of a living patient and also defining a first three-dimensional CT-scanner coordinate system :Eor locating specific anatomical positions within said cross-section relative to said first coordinate system, said apparatus comprising: a stereotactic frame defining a second three-dimensional coordinate system which can be fixed with respect to the anatomy of a living patient, said stereotactic frame including mechanism for positioning a desired surgical device within said anatomy at any desired location defined in terms of said second three-dimensional coordinate system, and X-ray detectable fiducial markers associated with said stereotactic frame defining at least three non-collinear points within each of said cross-sections, each point having determinable coordinates in both said first and said second coordinate systems such that the measured CT scan coordinates of a desired portion of the anatomy can be transformed to corresponding coordinates in said second 2Q coordinate system thereby facilitating the use of said stereotactic frame during stereotactic surgery.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention there is provided a method to facilitate stereotactic surgery, said method comprising the steps of: fixing a stereotactic surgical frame, having a predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system, with respect to living tissue, scanning the combination of said frame and living tissue with penetrating radiation to provide a - 2a -cross-sectional depiction thereof in a plane which includes a desired anatomical target within said living tissue, determining the coordinates of said target with respect to a second predeter-mined three-dimensional coordinate system, determining the coordinates of each of at least three non-collinear points locat-ed within said cross-sectional depiction, both with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame and with ~ respect to said second three-dimensional coordinate syste~, and using said determined coordinates to calculate the coordinates of said target with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame.
- 2b -., . ", :
` ~ `
The stereotactic surgery frame may be modified in other ways to define the necessary three non~
collinear fiducial points contained within a sinyle cross-sectional depiction and having known or readily determinable coordinates both with respect to the frame and with respect to another reference system in which the desired anatomical target also has known or readily determinable coordinates. Once those common coordinates are known, the coordinates of the target with respect to the frame may be simply computed.
For example, another simple embodiment comprises a rod csnnected diagonally between spaced vertical frame members. The relative location of the rod and - vertical members as intersected by any given cross-section then provide the necessary geometrical infor-mation from which the frame coordinates of the fiducial points .(defined by the intersection of the rod with the depicted cross-section) can be calculated.
Similarly, diagonal slots, grooves or other X-ray detectable structures can be used to define the required fiducial points in any given cross-section having known frame coordinates.
These as well as other objects and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reading the following detailed description of the presently preferred exemplary embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:
.
.
- , ' . . ' .
FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic and block diagram description of an improved stereotactic surgical head frame according to this invention in use with a conventional ~-ray CT scanner to facilitate a stereotactic surgical procedure;
FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of a conventional : surgical frame except for mounting holes provided to receive special fiducial plates;
FIGURE 3 is a similar perspective view of the frame shown in FIGURE 2 but with three fiducial marker plates attached in accordance with this invention;
FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of the modified stereotactic frame shown in FIGURE 3 after fixation to the living anatomy of a patient;
FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a `~ 20 cross-sectional depiction (e.g., a CT scan "slice") : through the combined modified frame and anatomy shown in FIGURE 4, : FIGURE 6 is a perspective view of the conventional stereotactic surgical frame with i~s attached surgical dPvice holder as it is used during surgery after removal of the fiducial market plates shown in FIGURES
3 and 4;
FIGURE 7 is a detailed view of one of the exemplary fiducial marker plates shown in FIGURES 3 and 4; and , '.
~' .
.
~IGURE 8 is a detailed edge view of the exemplary ; fiducial marker plate shown in FIGURE 7.
Referring to FIGURE 1, a patient 10 is placed on a bed 12 and moved into the patient circle 14 of a CT
scanner 16. There are many CT scanners presently available on the market and the showing in FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic depiction of a so-called fourth generation scanner having a rotating X-ray fan beam source 18 operating in conjuction with a fixed circular array of detectors 20 to provide the necessary radiation absorp-tion data from a multiplicity of angles through a desired portion of the patient's anatomy. These absorption measurements are then conventionally processed by a CT scanner computer 22 to provide a CRT display 24 depicting the density of elemental volumes within a cross-sectional "slice" of the patient's anatomy located within the patient circle 14. Other types of non-destructive penetrating radiation scanning techniques 2Q might also be used to provide the cross-sectional depiction of such internal anatomical structure ~e.g. NMR).
;~ The X-ray CT scanners presently on the market typically include an operator controlled console 26 from which the operator can control the position of a cursor on the CRT display. Based on the relative location or of tilting bed 12 (or of the scanning gantry relative ,~ to the bed) and of the cursor within any displayed ` "slice", the computer 22 is normally also programmed to provide, at the operator's request, the three-dimensional coordinates of any desired portion of the cross-sectional depiction relative to the geometry of the CT scanner 16.
~`;
. ' '` ' "
: .
In accordance with this invention, a modified stereotactic frame 28 is fixed with respec~ to a desired portion of the patient's anatomy within the patient circle 14. Thereafter, once an operator has obtained a cross-sectional depiction of the combined stereotactic frame 28 and included anatomy which also includes the desired anatomical target area for a surgical device, the operator can precisely determine the target coordinates with respect to the stereotactic ~rame 28.
In particular, three non-collinear fiducial points having readily determinable coordinates with respect to the frame are also depicted in the CRT display thus enabling the operator to obtain coordinates for these lS same fiducial points with respect to the CT scanner.
Since the coordinates of the desired anatomical target area can also be obtained with respect to the CT
scanner, those coordinates can easily be transformed into corresponding stereotactic frame coordinates.
The mathematical transformation may be performed in another properly programmed computer or in the CT scanner computer 22 as controlled by operator inputs via the control console 26. Of course, these calculations could also be performed manually or semi-automatically (e.g., with hand calculators or the like) if desired.
If the CT scanner computer 22 has been programmed to perform the transformation, the stereotactic frame cooxdinates 30 of a desired anatomical target may be directly obtained from the CRT disply 24.
, The stereotactic surgical head frame shown in FIGURES 2 and 6 is, ~ se, well known in the prior art.
One such head frame is known as a "Lexell" type of frame and another is known as the "Trentwell" type of frame. As shown in F~GURES 2 and 6, the frame includes four vertical posts 40, 42, 44 and~46 rigidly inter-connected by horizontal posts 48, 50, 52 and 54. Three skull anchors 56, 58 and 60 are also provided so as to rigidly fix the stereotactic frame with respect to a human skull.
Although stereotactic surgery has normally been performed inside the skull, this invention would be equally useful with stereotactic frames and surgical procedures adapted to other portions of living anatomy as well.
Side bars 62 and 64 are adjustably attachable to : the vertical posts 40-46 as shown in FIGURE 2. A
carrier 66 is also adjustably attach~d to the side bars 62 and 64 (as shown in FIGURE 6) for mounting a probe ; 20 carrier 68. The probe typically comprises a thin rigid cannula 70 through which or on which a surgical device is inserted on a rod-shaped holder into the brain through an opening in the skull. Any desired surgical device can be provided at the end of the probe for insertion into the brain.
Normally, a probe stop 72 is arranged so that the probe's motion along the R axis shown in FIGURE 6 can be accurately controlled to place the end of the probe 74 at the center 76 of a spherical coordinate system ~
defined by the stereotactic frame. The vertical Y~
dimension and the front-to-back X dimension of the origin 76 is detexmined by the adjustable placement of the side bars 62 and 64 and probe carrier 66 with respect indicia carried on these various frame members.
3~
The side-to-side Z dimension of the origin 76 is determined by sliding the arcuate portion of the probe-carrier with respect to the shafts 78. Thereafter, so long as the probe end 74 is inserted to the center 76 of the thus defined spherical coordinate system, the other spherical coordinates e and ~ (see FIGURE 6) are immaterial except insofar as the surgeon may choose these angles to minimize dama~e when the probe is inserted through other portions of the brain and/or to facilitate access to the desired portion of the brain as is common practice in stereotactic surgery techniques.
As should now be appreciated, the exemplary s~ereo-tactic frame defines both rectilinear X, Y, Z and spherical R, e, ~ three-dimensional coordinate s~stems.
Once the frame X, Y, Z coordinates of a target anatomy are determined, the frame is adjusted in X, Y, Z
coordinates so as to place the target at the origin or the R, e, ~ system.
Referring now to FIGURES 3 and 4, the modified frame in the illustrated exemplary embodiment includes three fiducial plates 100, 102 and 104. These frames are removably attached to the vertical frame posts through mounting pins 106 and mating, precision friction ~5 fit, apertures 108.
In the exemplary embodiment, each fiducial plate has a variable cross-section along a first dimension for a prede~ermined distance which predetermined distance also varies in a second dimension, inclined with respect to the first dimension. For example, as illustrated in FIGURES 7 and 8, each fiducial plate includes a series of parallel grooves or slots having different respective , - : ~
g lengths. The grooves or slots are preferabl~ spaced regularly and of substantially equal dimensions having respective lengths which progressively increase (or decrease depending upon the direction of progression) from one slot to the next. In the exemplary embodiment the fiducial plates are constructed from aluminum.
If a cross-sectional "slice" is taken along a line 150 (FIGURE 7) which intersects this pattern of varia~le cross-section, then the variations will be observable in any depiction of that "slice". Since the plate is fixed with respect to the frame and since the slot end points have known X, Y, Z locations with respect to the frame, a fiducial area or point F with respect to the frame will be defined by the end point included within the cross-section. This particular end point can, in turn, be determined by simply counting the number of slots included in the distance D of variable cross~section within slice 150. Preferably, slice lS0 intersects the fiducial plate at least one slot from each end (e.g., more than one and less than the total number of slots would then be seen in the cross-sectional depiction).
As schematically indicated in FIGURE 3, a "slice"
160 will intersect the variable cross-sectional porticns of each fiducial plate 100, 102 and 104. A typical CT
scan depiction of such a slice through the combined ~
frame and human head is shown in FIGURE 5. As indicated in FIGURE 5, by merely counting the number of slots included in the cross-sectional "slice" for each ~0 fiducial plate, the operator can locate three non-collinear fiducial points Fl, F2~ and F3 within the slice which have know, readily determinable coordinates with respect to the stereotactic frame. At the .
' same time, and using the same CT scan "slice", the operator can position the c~rsor and locate the same fiducial points with respect to a desired anatomical target area 170. Normallyl the coordinates ~or this common three-dimensional coordinate system would be with respect to the CT scan apparatus.
Once this data has been determined, the CT scan computer 22 may be programmed to compute the frame coordinates of the target 170 which can then be used in standard stereotactic surgical procedures. If desired, the data required for this coordinate transfo!mation calculation can be input from the operator Keyboard or, alternatively, the CT scanner computer may be programmed to accept the input coordinate data corrPs-ponding to thè location of a cursor at the time a specialfunction key or the like is operated at the console 26.
In this way, the operator would be relieved rom the necessity of transcribing the coordinate input data onto the keyboard of the console 26 thus eliminating another source of potential error.
: With presently available CT scanners, the elemental scan resolution may cause errors of more than one millimeter. Accordingly, the operator should take care to accurately locate the fudicial points Fl, F2, and F3 and to obtain their CT scan coordinates. Further-more, the "slice" thickness may substantially contribute to errors unless care is taken by the operator to center the target 170 within the thickness of such a "slice".
Similarly, care should be taken to obtain the coordinates 3Q of the target 170 with respect to the center of the target area shown on the cross~sectional depiction of the slice.
. .
: :
- , .
, . .
.
.
Many other types of X-ray detectable riducial marking systems may be associated with a stereotactic frame. For example, a simple cylindrical (or any other cross-sectionally shaped) rod diagonally connected between the disimilar portions of spaced apart pairs of posts could be used ~o identify three non-collinear riducial points within any given cross-sectional slice.
The relative locations of the cross-section taken through the diagonal rods with respect to the cross-sections taken through the connected pairs of posts culd be used to provide the required frame coordinates of these fiducial points through simple geometrical calculations. Of course a diagonal slot or void in a plate, etc., could be similarly employed as could many other types of frame modifications.
By deriving all of the required transformation input data from only one CT scan slice, possible errors are minimized and hence this mode of the inven~ion is preferred.
The fiducial plates in the illustrated embodiment are designed so that the frame coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the end of each slot are known. By counting the number of slots observed in a given CT slice for a given plate, one can determine which of the various slot ends are located within the plane of the displayed slice.
These slot ends then constitute the three non-collinear fiducial points Fl, F2, and F3 as noted in FIGURE 5.
Since the X, Y, Z frame coordinates of each ~lot end are know, once the fiducial points have been thus identified, their frame coordinates are known.
Since the coordinates of the fiducial points Fl, F2, and F3 as well as the targek area 170 can all be determined with respect to another common coordinate system, it follows that a relatively simply mathematical coordinate transformation may thereafter be used to calculate the X, ~, Z frame coordinates of the target 170.
;
., :, .~ . . , , :
;
-12~
There are several possible ways to perform the required transformation calculation. However, one straightforward approach will now be explained. For example, let capital letters denote frame X, Y, Z
coordinates and lower case letters denote CT scan coordinates (or any othe~ coordinate sys~em for which coordinates of all of the fiducials and the target area can be measured). Using this nomenclature:
1' fl = fiducial 1 (e~uation 1)
.
:This invention generally relates to stereotactic :sur~ical apparatus and method, In particular, the invention pertains to method and apparatus which permits more accurate use of stereotactic frames than has here-5 tofore been possible, In the past, stereotactic surgery has been somewha~
of an art based upon average or other statistical measurements of anatomical structures, Thus, although many varied surgical devices can be precisely positioned within a predetermined three-dimensional coordinates.
system defined by the stereotactic frame, there were no precision procedures for determining the exact location or target area of a specific patient within such a coordinate system, : 15Since computed tomographic (C~) X-ray scanners .~ have come into common usage, attempts have been made by others to utilize in stereotactic surgery the additional, more precise information available in . cross-sectional depictions of anatomy provided by CT
scanners, However, it is believed that these attempts by others have involved the use of data derived from multiple cross-sectional depictions taken at successive increments, The use of data taken from such plural cross-sectional depictions not only increases the necessary X-ray exposure suffered by the patient but also necessarily introduces additional errors in the resuiting procedure caused by such factors as patient movement between scans, imprecise bed movements, etc, .,, ~, ~
, ~ , --2~
It has now been discovered that, by suitably modifying the stereotactic frame, data required for calculating the stereotactic frame coordinates of an anatomical target can be obtained from onlv a single CT scan of the combined stereotactic frame and patient anatomy. In brief, the stereotactic frame is modified so as to define three fiducial points located within any such cross-sectional depiction. Coordinates are readily determinable or are known for these fiducial points with respect to both the stereotactic frame and with respect to the CT scanner. Since the desired anatomical target area also has known or readily deter-minable coordinates with respect to the CT scanner, a relatively simple mathematical calculation may then be made to transform the target's CT scanner coordinates into corresponding stereotactic frame coordinates which may then be used during a stereotactic surgical procedure.
In the preferred exemplary embodiment, the three fiducial points within any given cross-sectional depiction are defined by three respectively corresponding fiducial plates or diagonal rods detachably mounted on three sides of the stereotactic frame. Each plate has a variable cross-section extending along a first dimension for a predetermined distance with varies with respect to a second dimension, inclined with respect to said first dimension. For example, the plate may comprise a series of parallel grooves or slots having lengths which progressively increase from one slot to the next. The frame coordinates of each slot end-point are known and one can determine which end~point lies within the depicted cross-section by simply counting the number of displayed slots.
, :. , . ::
;
In accordance with one aspect of this invention, there is provided apparatus for use in performing stereotactic surgery in conjunction with an X-ray CT scanner capable of measuring relative X-ray absorption within elemental volumes of a desired cross-section of the anatomy of a living patient and also defining a first three-dimensional CT-scanner coordinate system :Eor locating specific anatomical positions within said cross-section relative to said first coordinate system, said apparatus comprising: a stereotactic frame defining a second three-dimensional coordinate system which can be fixed with respect to the anatomy of a living patient, said stereotactic frame including mechanism for positioning a desired surgical device within said anatomy at any desired location defined in terms of said second three-dimensional coordinate system, and X-ray detectable fiducial markers associated with said stereotactic frame defining at least three non-collinear points within each of said cross-sections, each point having determinable coordinates in both said first and said second coordinate systems such that the measured CT scan coordinates of a desired portion of the anatomy can be transformed to corresponding coordinates in said second 2Q coordinate system thereby facilitating the use of said stereotactic frame during stereotactic surgery.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention there is provided a method to facilitate stereotactic surgery, said method comprising the steps of: fixing a stereotactic surgical frame, having a predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system, with respect to living tissue, scanning the combination of said frame and living tissue with penetrating radiation to provide a - 2a -cross-sectional depiction thereof in a plane which includes a desired anatomical target within said living tissue, determining the coordinates of said target with respect to a second predeter-mined three-dimensional coordinate system, determining the coordinates of each of at least three non-collinear points locat-ed within said cross-sectional depiction, both with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame and with ~ respect to said second three-dimensional coordinate syste~, and using said determined coordinates to calculate the coordinates of said target with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame.
- 2b -., . ", :
` ~ `
The stereotactic surgery frame may be modified in other ways to define the necessary three non~
collinear fiducial points contained within a sinyle cross-sectional depiction and having known or readily determinable coordinates both with respect to the frame and with respect to another reference system in which the desired anatomical target also has known or readily determinable coordinates. Once those common coordinates are known, the coordinates of the target with respect to the frame may be simply computed.
For example, another simple embodiment comprises a rod csnnected diagonally between spaced vertical frame members. The relative location of the rod and - vertical members as intersected by any given cross-section then provide the necessary geometrical infor-mation from which the frame coordinates of the fiducial points .(defined by the intersection of the rod with the depicted cross-section) can be calculated.
Similarly, diagonal slots, grooves or other X-ray detectable structures can be used to define the required fiducial points in any given cross-section having known frame coordinates.
These as well as other objects and advantages of the invention will be better understood by reading the following detailed description of the presently preferred exemplary embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:
.
.
- , ' . . ' .
FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic and block diagram description of an improved stereotactic surgical head frame according to this invention in use with a conventional ~-ray CT scanner to facilitate a stereotactic surgical procedure;
FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of a conventional : surgical frame except for mounting holes provided to receive special fiducial plates;
FIGURE 3 is a similar perspective view of the frame shown in FIGURE 2 but with three fiducial marker plates attached in accordance with this invention;
FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of the modified stereotactic frame shown in FIGURE 3 after fixation to the living anatomy of a patient;
FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a `~ 20 cross-sectional depiction (e.g., a CT scan "slice") : through the combined modified frame and anatomy shown in FIGURE 4, : FIGURE 6 is a perspective view of the conventional stereotactic surgical frame with i~s attached surgical dPvice holder as it is used during surgery after removal of the fiducial market plates shown in FIGURES
3 and 4;
FIGURE 7 is a detailed view of one of the exemplary fiducial marker plates shown in FIGURES 3 and 4; and , '.
~' .
.
~IGURE 8 is a detailed edge view of the exemplary ; fiducial marker plate shown in FIGURE 7.
Referring to FIGURE 1, a patient 10 is placed on a bed 12 and moved into the patient circle 14 of a CT
scanner 16. There are many CT scanners presently available on the market and the showing in FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic depiction of a so-called fourth generation scanner having a rotating X-ray fan beam source 18 operating in conjuction with a fixed circular array of detectors 20 to provide the necessary radiation absorp-tion data from a multiplicity of angles through a desired portion of the patient's anatomy. These absorption measurements are then conventionally processed by a CT scanner computer 22 to provide a CRT display 24 depicting the density of elemental volumes within a cross-sectional "slice" of the patient's anatomy located within the patient circle 14. Other types of non-destructive penetrating radiation scanning techniques 2Q might also be used to provide the cross-sectional depiction of such internal anatomical structure ~e.g. NMR).
;~ The X-ray CT scanners presently on the market typically include an operator controlled console 26 from which the operator can control the position of a cursor on the CRT display. Based on the relative location or of tilting bed 12 (or of the scanning gantry relative ,~ to the bed) and of the cursor within any displayed ` "slice", the computer 22 is normally also programmed to provide, at the operator's request, the three-dimensional coordinates of any desired portion of the cross-sectional depiction relative to the geometry of the CT scanner 16.
~`;
. ' '` ' "
: .
In accordance with this invention, a modified stereotactic frame 28 is fixed with respec~ to a desired portion of the patient's anatomy within the patient circle 14. Thereafter, once an operator has obtained a cross-sectional depiction of the combined stereotactic frame 28 and included anatomy which also includes the desired anatomical target area for a surgical device, the operator can precisely determine the target coordinates with respect to the stereotactic ~rame 28.
In particular, three non-collinear fiducial points having readily determinable coordinates with respect to the frame are also depicted in the CRT display thus enabling the operator to obtain coordinates for these lS same fiducial points with respect to the CT scanner.
Since the coordinates of the desired anatomical target area can also be obtained with respect to the CT
scanner, those coordinates can easily be transformed into corresponding stereotactic frame coordinates.
The mathematical transformation may be performed in another properly programmed computer or in the CT scanner computer 22 as controlled by operator inputs via the control console 26. Of course, these calculations could also be performed manually or semi-automatically (e.g., with hand calculators or the like) if desired.
If the CT scanner computer 22 has been programmed to perform the transformation, the stereotactic frame cooxdinates 30 of a desired anatomical target may be directly obtained from the CRT disply 24.
, The stereotactic surgical head frame shown in FIGURES 2 and 6 is, ~ se, well known in the prior art.
One such head frame is known as a "Lexell" type of frame and another is known as the "Trentwell" type of frame. As shown in F~GURES 2 and 6, the frame includes four vertical posts 40, 42, 44 and~46 rigidly inter-connected by horizontal posts 48, 50, 52 and 54. Three skull anchors 56, 58 and 60 are also provided so as to rigidly fix the stereotactic frame with respect to a human skull.
Although stereotactic surgery has normally been performed inside the skull, this invention would be equally useful with stereotactic frames and surgical procedures adapted to other portions of living anatomy as well.
Side bars 62 and 64 are adjustably attachable to : the vertical posts 40-46 as shown in FIGURE 2. A
carrier 66 is also adjustably attach~d to the side bars 62 and 64 (as shown in FIGURE 6) for mounting a probe ; 20 carrier 68. The probe typically comprises a thin rigid cannula 70 through which or on which a surgical device is inserted on a rod-shaped holder into the brain through an opening in the skull. Any desired surgical device can be provided at the end of the probe for insertion into the brain.
Normally, a probe stop 72 is arranged so that the probe's motion along the R axis shown in FIGURE 6 can be accurately controlled to place the end of the probe 74 at the center 76 of a spherical coordinate system ~
defined by the stereotactic frame. The vertical Y~
dimension and the front-to-back X dimension of the origin 76 is detexmined by the adjustable placement of the side bars 62 and 64 and probe carrier 66 with respect indicia carried on these various frame members.
3~
The side-to-side Z dimension of the origin 76 is determined by sliding the arcuate portion of the probe-carrier with respect to the shafts 78. Thereafter, so long as the probe end 74 is inserted to the center 76 of the thus defined spherical coordinate system, the other spherical coordinates e and ~ (see FIGURE 6) are immaterial except insofar as the surgeon may choose these angles to minimize dama~e when the probe is inserted through other portions of the brain and/or to facilitate access to the desired portion of the brain as is common practice in stereotactic surgery techniques.
As should now be appreciated, the exemplary s~ereo-tactic frame defines both rectilinear X, Y, Z and spherical R, e, ~ three-dimensional coordinate s~stems.
Once the frame X, Y, Z coordinates of a target anatomy are determined, the frame is adjusted in X, Y, Z
coordinates so as to place the target at the origin or the R, e, ~ system.
Referring now to FIGURES 3 and 4, the modified frame in the illustrated exemplary embodiment includes three fiducial plates 100, 102 and 104. These frames are removably attached to the vertical frame posts through mounting pins 106 and mating, precision friction ~5 fit, apertures 108.
In the exemplary embodiment, each fiducial plate has a variable cross-section along a first dimension for a prede~ermined distance which predetermined distance also varies in a second dimension, inclined with respect to the first dimension. For example, as illustrated in FIGURES 7 and 8, each fiducial plate includes a series of parallel grooves or slots having different respective , - : ~
g lengths. The grooves or slots are preferabl~ spaced regularly and of substantially equal dimensions having respective lengths which progressively increase (or decrease depending upon the direction of progression) from one slot to the next. In the exemplary embodiment the fiducial plates are constructed from aluminum.
If a cross-sectional "slice" is taken along a line 150 (FIGURE 7) which intersects this pattern of varia~le cross-section, then the variations will be observable in any depiction of that "slice". Since the plate is fixed with respect to the frame and since the slot end points have known X, Y, Z locations with respect to the frame, a fiducial area or point F with respect to the frame will be defined by the end point included within the cross-section. This particular end point can, in turn, be determined by simply counting the number of slots included in the distance D of variable cross~section within slice 150. Preferably, slice lS0 intersects the fiducial plate at least one slot from each end (e.g., more than one and less than the total number of slots would then be seen in the cross-sectional depiction).
As schematically indicated in FIGURE 3, a "slice"
160 will intersect the variable cross-sectional porticns of each fiducial plate 100, 102 and 104. A typical CT
scan depiction of such a slice through the combined ~
frame and human head is shown in FIGURE 5. As indicated in FIGURE 5, by merely counting the number of slots included in the cross-sectional "slice" for each ~0 fiducial plate, the operator can locate three non-collinear fiducial points Fl, F2~ and F3 within the slice which have know, readily determinable coordinates with respect to the stereotactic frame. At the .
' same time, and using the same CT scan "slice", the operator can position the c~rsor and locate the same fiducial points with respect to a desired anatomical target area 170. Normallyl the coordinates ~or this common three-dimensional coordinate system would be with respect to the CT scan apparatus.
Once this data has been determined, the CT scan computer 22 may be programmed to compute the frame coordinates of the target 170 which can then be used in standard stereotactic surgical procedures. If desired, the data required for this coordinate transfo!mation calculation can be input from the operator Keyboard or, alternatively, the CT scanner computer may be programmed to accept the input coordinate data corrPs-ponding to thè location of a cursor at the time a specialfunction key or the like is operated at the console 26.
In this way, the operator would be relieved rom the necessity of transcribing the coordinate input data onto the keyboard of the console 26 thus eliminating another source of potential error.
: With presently available CT scanners, the elemental scan resolution may cause errors of more than one millimeter. Accordingly, the operator should take care to accurately locate the fudicial points Fl, F2, and F3 and to obtain their CT scan coordinates. Further-more, the "slice" thickness may substantially contribute to errors unless care is taken by the operator to center the target 170 within the thickness of such a "slice".
Similarly, care should be taken to obtain the coordinates 3Q of the target 170 with respect to the center of the target area shown on the cross~sectional depiction of the slice.
. .
: :
- , .
, . .
.
.
Many other types of X-ray detectable riducial marking systems may be associated with a stereotactic frame. For example, a simple cylindrical (or any other cross-sectionally shaped) rod diagonally connected between the disimilar portions of spaced apart pairs of posts could be used ~o identify three non-collinear riducial points within any given cross-sectional slice.
The relative locations of the cross-section taken through the diagonal rods with respect to the cross-sections taken through the connected pairs of posts culd be used to provide the required frame coordinates of these fiducial points through simple geometrical calculations. Of course a diagonal slot or void in a plate, etc., could be similarly employed as could many other types of frame modifications.
By deriving all of the required transformation input data from only one CT scan slice, possible errors are minimized and hence this mode of the inven~ion is preferred.
The fiducial plates in the illustrated embodiment are designed so that the frame coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the end of each slot are known. By counting the number of slots observed in a given CT slice for a given plate, one can determine which of the various slot ends are located within the plane of the displayed slice.
These slot ends then constitute the three non-collinear fiducial points Fl, F2, and F3 as noted in FIGURE 5.
Since the X, Y, Z frame coordinates of each ~lot end are know, once the fiducial points have been thus identified, their frame coordinates are known.
Since the coordinates of the fiducial points Fl, F2, and F3 as well as the targek area 170 can all be determined with respect to another common coordinate system, it follows that a relatively simply mathematical coordinate transformation may thereafter be used to calculate the X, ~, Z frame coordinates of the target 170.
;
., :, .~ . . , , :
;
-12~
There are several possible ways to perform the required transformation calculation. However, one straightforward approach will now be explained. For example, let capital letters denote frame X, Y, Z
coordinates and lower case letters denote CT scan coordinates (or any othe~ coordinate sys~em for which coordinates of all of the fiducials and the target area can be measured). Using this nomenclature:
1' fl = fiducial 1 (e~uation 1)
2' f2 fiducial 2 (equation 2) F3, f3 = fiducial 3 (equation 3) ~ s T, t = target (equation 4) Define A, B, C, 5a, b, c:
A ~2 Fl; a ~3 fl (equations 5, ~) B - F3 - Fl; b f3 1 (equations 7, 8) ~1; c t - fl (equations 9, 10) The problem is to fînd T, the target frame coordinates.
Since a, b, and c lie in the same plane and a and b are not collinear, by solution of the simultaneous equations, constants and can be found such that:
c - t ~ ~ a ~ ~ b (equation 11) ` 30 Tne equivalent in frame coordinates is:
C - T - Fl = A + B (equation 12) Thus:
T = Fl + ~ A + ~ B (equation 13) ! .
`' " ` ~ . '` .' ~ `
, .~ : `, `
This calculation may be performed manually or, as is preferred, by a properly programmed computer In ~iew of the simple mathematical calculations involved, it is believed unnecessary to describe a suitable computer program in detail as ~hose skilled in the art of automatic data processing and/or in the art of designing CT scanning apparatus will be capable of readily providing a suitable program.
~s a check on accuracy, one can compare the lengths of vectors between fixea points as represented in the two different coordinate systems. For example, one can compare vectors ~ and a Similarly, one can compare vectors B and b, etc. For improved accuracy, the fiducial plates and hence the measured fiducial points are a~ far removed from one another as practical.
; ~ccuracy on the order of one millimeter in the final calculation of the target frame coordinates can be obtained even though diferences of up to 35 centi-meters are observed between these various vectors with the exemplary illustrated embodiment Larger differ-; ences between vectors ~ and vectors B, etc., indicates that an error has been made In the preferred exemplary embodiment, thefiducial plates are removed from the frame after the cross-sectional slice (FIGURE 5) containing the required data has been obtained Thereafter, the calculated target frame coordinates are utilized for setting up the side bars and probe carrier so as to center the spherical coordinate system of the frame on the target area and permit the desired stereotactic surgery ~` technique to be performed .
`' ' ~ : : ' ' ~, ' :
, It may also be prudent to double check the approximate validity of the calculated target coordinates by perform~ng classical stereotaxis pro-cedures.
While only a few exemplary embodiments have been specifically des-cribed in detail above, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations and modifications may be made in these exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel and advantageous features of this invention.
`:
.
A ~2 Fl; a ~3 fl (equations 5, ~) B - F3 - Fl; b f3 1 (equations 7, 8) ~1; c t - fl (equations 9, 10) The problem is to fînd T, the target frame coordinates.
Since a, b, and c lie in the same plane and a and b are not collinear, by solution of the simultaneous equations, constants and can be found such that:
c - t ~ ~ a ~ ~ b (equation 11) ` 30 Tne equivalent in frame coordinates is:
C - T - Fl = A + B (equation 12) Thus:
T = Fl + ~ A + ~ B (equation 13) ! .
`' " ` ~ . '` .' ~ `
, .~ : `, `
This calculation may be performed manually or, as is preferred, by a properly programmed computer In ~iew of the simple mathematical calculations involved, it is believed unnecessary to describe a suitable computer program in detail as ~hose skilled in the art of automatic data processing and/or in the art of designing CT scanning apparatus will be capable of readily providing a suitable program.
~s a check on accuracy, one can compare the lengths of vectors between fixea points as represented in the two different coordinate systems. For example, one can compare vectors ~ and a Similarly, one can compare vectors B and b, etc. For improved accuracy, the fiducial plates and hence the measured fiducial points are a~ far removed from one another as practical.
; ~ccuracy on the order of one millimeter in the final calculation of the target frame coordinates can be obtained even though diferences of up to 35 centi-meters are observed between these various vectors with the exemplary illustrated embodiment Larger differ-; ences between vectors ~ and vectors B, etc., indicates that an error has been made In the preferred exemplary embodiment, thefiducial plates are removed from the frame after the cross-sectional slice (FIGURE 5) containing the required data has been obtained Thereafter, the calculated target frame coordinates are utilized for setting up the side bars and probe carrier so as to center the spherical coordinate system of the frame on the target area and permit the desired stereotactic surgery ~` technique to be performed .
`' ' ~ : : ' ' ~, ' :
, It may also be prudent to double check the approximate validity of the calculated target coordinates by perform~ng classical stereotaxis pro-cedures.
While only a few exemplary embodiments have been specifically des-cribed in detail above, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations and modifications may be made in these exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel and advantageous features of this invention.
`:
.
Claims (6)
1. Apparatus for use in performing stereotactic surgery in conjunction with an X-ray CT scanner capable of measuring relative X-ray absorption within elemental volumes of a desired cross-section of the anatomy of a living patient and also defining a first three-dimensional CT-scanner coordinate system for locating specific anatomical positions within said cross-section relative to said first coordinate system, said apparatus comprising:
A stereotactic frame defining a second three-dimensional coordinate system which can be fixed with respect to the anatomy of a living patient, said stereotactic frame including mechanism for positioning a desired surgical device within said anatomy at any desired location defined in terms of said second three-dimensional coordinate system, and X-ray detectable fiducial markers associated with said stereotactic frame defining at least three non-collinear points within each of said cross-sections, each point having determinable coordinates in both said first and said second coordinate systems such that the measured CT scan coordinates of a desired portion of the anatomy can be transformed to corresponding coordinates in said second coordinate system thereby facilitating the use of said stereotactic frame during stereotactic surgery.
A stereotactic frame defining a second three-dimensional coordinate system which can be fixed with respect to the anatomy of a living patient, said stereotactic frame including mechanism for positioning a desired surgical device within said anatomy at any desired location defined in terms of said second three-dimensional coordinate system, and X-ray detectable fiducial markers associated with said stereotactic frame defining at least three non-collinear points within each of said cross-sections, each point having determinable coordinates in both said first and said second coordinate systems such that the measured CT scan coordinates of a desired portion of the anatomy can be transformed to corresponding coordinates in said second coordinate system thereby facilitating the use of said stereotactic frame during stereotactic surgery.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said X-ray detectable fiducial markers comprise:
a member having an X-ray detectable feature which intersects any said cross-section at a location which varies depending upon the relative disposition of the cross-section.
a member having an X-ray detectable feature which intersects any said cross-section at a location which varies depending upon the relative disposition of the cross-section.
3. Apparatus as in claim 2 wherein said X-ray detectable feature comprises a series of parallel grooves or slots regularly spaced and of substantially equal dimensions and wherein their lengths progressively increase or decrease from one slot to the next.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 or 2 wherein said frame includes spaced-apart posts and said markers comprise a rod extending between disimilar portions of pairs of said spaced-apart posts.
5. A method to facilitate stereotactic surgery, said method comprising the steps of:
fixing a stereotactic surgical frame, having a predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system, with respect to living tissue, scanning the combination of said frame and living tissue with penetrating radiation to provide a cross-sectional depiction thereof in a plane which includes a desired anatomical target within said living tissue, determining the coordinates of said target with respect to a second predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system, determining the coordinates of each of at least three non-collinear points located within said cross-sectional depiction, both with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame and with respect to said second three-dimensional coordinate system, and using said determined coordinates to calculate the coordinates of said target with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame.
fixing a stereotactic surgical frame, having a predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system, with respect to living tissue, scanning the combination of said frame and living tissue with penetrating radiation to provide a cross-sectional depiction thereof in a plane which includes a desired anatomical target within said living tissue, determining the coordinates of said target with respect to a second predetermined three-dimensional coordinate system, determining the coordinates of each of at least three non-collinear points located within said cross-sectional depiction, both with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame and with respect to said second three-dimensional coordinate system, and using said determined coordinates to calculate the coordinates of said target with respect to the three-dimensional coordinate system of said frame.
6. A method as in claim 5 wherein said fixing step includes the attachment of X-ray detectable fiducial markers to said frame.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US29,865 | 1979-04-13 | ||
US06/029,865 US4341220A (en) | 1979-04-13 | 1979-04-13 | Stereotactic surgery apparatus and method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA1148433A true CA1148433A (en) | 1983-06-21 |
Family
ID=21851319
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA000349572A Expired CA1148433A (en) | 1979-04-13 | 1980-04-10 | Stereotactic surgery apparatus and method |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4341220A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0018166A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS55141235A (en) |
AU (1) | AU518629B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1148433A (en) |
ES (1) | ES490509A0 (en) |
Families Citing this family (221)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4608977A (en) * | 1979-08-29 | 1986-09-02 | Brown Russell A | System using computed tomography as for selective body treatment |
DE2948986C2 (en) * | 1979-12-05 | 1982-10-28 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Medical examination facility |
US4483344A (en) * | 1980-12-30 | 1984-11-20 | Atkov Oleg J | Device for positioning cardiographic sensor |
US4465069A (en) * | 1981-06-04 | 1984-08-14 | Barbier Jean Y | Cranial insertion of surgical needle utilizing computer-assisted tomography |
US4463758A (en) * | 1981-09-18 | 1984-08-07 | Arun A. Patil | Computed tomography stereotactic frame |
DE3205404A1 (en) * | 1982-02-16 | 1983-09-15 | Patrick Dr.med. 3590 Bad Wildungen Kluger | Device for checking the directionally accurate guidance of a surgical tool |
US4475550A (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1984-10-09 | Bremer Orthopedics, Inc. | Halo for stereotaxic applications |
FR2525891B1 (en) * | 1982-04-29 | 1984-07-20 | Inst Nat Sciences Appliq | HUMAN CONTENTION DEVICE EQUIPPED WITH REFERENTIAL |
US4579117A (en) * | 1982-12-28 | 1986-04-01 | Spolyar John L | Portable roentgenographic cephalostat |
US4566444A (en) * | 1982-12-28 | 1986-01-28 | Spolyar John L | Portable roentgenographic cephalostat |
US4961422A (en) * | 1983-01-21 | 1990-10-09 | Marchosky J Alexander | Method and apparatus for volumetric interstitial conductive hyperthermia |
US4683582A (en) * | 1983-06-20 | 1987-07-28 | Spolyar John L | Portable roentgenographic cephalostat |
US4618978A (en) * | 1983-10-21 | 1986-10-21 | Cosman Eric R | Means for localizing target coordinates in a body relative to a guidance system reference frame in any arbitrary plane as viewed by a tomographic image through the body |
JPS6086313U (en) * | 1983-11-22 | 1985-06-14 | 株式会社 八光電機製作所 | Stereotaxic neurosurgery device using sheath guidance |
US4583538A (en) * | 1984-05-04 | 1986-04-22 | Onik Gary M | Method and apparatus for stereotaxic placement of probes in the body utilizing CT scanner localization |
US4580561A (en) * | 1984-05-04 | 1986-04-08 | Williamson Theodore J | Interstitial implant system |
US4617925A (en) * | 1984-10-01 | 1986-10-21 | Laitinen Lauri V | Adapter for definition of the position of brain structures |
US4592352A (en) * | 1984-11-30 | 1986-06-03 | Patil Arun A | Computer-assisted tomography stereotactic system |
US4706665A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1987-11-17 | Gouda Kasim I | Frame for stereotactic surgery |
US4805615A (en) * | 1985-07-02 | 1989-02-21 | Carol Mark P | Method and apparatus for performing stereotactic surgery |
US4760591A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1988-07-26 | B. F. Wehmer Co., Inc. | Cephalostat for cephalometric roentgenography |
JPS62270148A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1987-11-24 | アラン アンジエロ パテイル | Apparatus for applying surgical treatment to objective area in head bone of patient by utilization of computer tomographic imaging scanner |
US4791934A (en) * | 1986-08-07 | 1988-12-20 | Picker International, Inc. | Computer tomography assisted stereotactic surgery system and method |
US4759361A (en) * | 1986-08-18 | 1988-07-26 | B. F. Wehmer Co., Inc. | Telescopic adjustment assembly for head positioning means in a cephalostat |
JPH0423531Y2 (en) * | 1987-03-31 | 1992-06-02 | ||
DE3717871C3 (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1995-05-04 | Georg Prof Dr Schloendorff | Method and device for reproducible visual representation of a surgical intervention |
JPS6472736A (en) * | 1987-09-14 | 1989-03-17 | Toshiba Corp | Mri apparatus |
US5085219A (en) * | 1987-10-30 | 1992-02-04 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Adjustable holders for magnetic reasonance imaging rf surface coil |
US4991579A (en) * | 1987-11-10 | 1991-02-12 | Allen George S | Method and apparatus for providing related images over time of a portion of the anatomy using fiducial implants |
GB8728150D0 (en) | 1987-12-02 | 1988-01-06 | Inst Of Neurology Queen Square | Head fixation apparatus |
WO1989005171A2 (en) * | 1987-12-03 | 1989-06-15 | University Of Florida | Apparatus for stereotactic radiosurgery |
US5251127A (en) * | 1988-02-01 | 1993-10-05 | Faro Medical Technologies Inc. | Computer-aided surgery apparatus |
US6331180B1 (en) | 1988-05-03 | 2001-12-18 | Sherwood Services Ag | Target-centered stereotaxtic surgical arc system with reorientatable arc axis |
US5205289A (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1993-04-27 | Medical Instrumentation And Diagnostics Corporation | Three-dimensional computer graphics simulation and computerized numerical optimization for dose delivery and treatment planning |
US6240308B1 (en) | 1988-12-23 | 2001-05-29 | Tyrone L. Hardy | Method and apparatus for archiving and displaying anatomico-physiological data in a normalized whole brain mapping and imaging system |
US5099846A (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1992-03-31 | Hardy Tyrone L | Method and apparatus for video presentation from a variety of scanner imaging sources |
US5354314A (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1994-10-11 | Medical Instrumentation And Diagnostics Corporation | Three-dimensional beam localization apparatus and microscope for stereotactic diagnoses or surgery mounted on robotic type arm |
US4930525A (en) * | 1989-03-28 | 1990-06-05 | Palestrant Aubrey M | Method for performing C.T. guided drainage and biopsy procedures |
DE3919083C1 (en) * | 1989-06-10 | 1990-06-21 | Dornier Medizintechnik Gmbh, 8000 Muenchen, De | |
US5030223A (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1991-07-09 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Head mounted stereotaxic apparatus |
FR2651670B1 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1997-12-12 | Nantes Ctre Hospitalier Rgl Un | METHOD FOR THE PRECISE LOCATION OF A LESION AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THIS METHOD. |
FR2652928B1 (en) | 1989-10-05 | 1994-07-29 | Diadix Sa | INTERACTIVE LOCAL INTERVENTION SYSTEM WITHIN A AREA OF A NON-HOMOGENEOUS STRUCTURE. |
ES2085885T3 (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1996-06-16 | George S Allen | MECHANICAL ARM FOR INTERACTIVE SURGERY SYSTEM DIRECTED BY IMAGES. |
US5102391A (en) * | 1990-02-13 | 1992-04-07 | Aubrey Palestrant | Guidance device for C. T. guided drainage and biopsy procedures |
US5269305A (en) * | 1990-04-27 | 1993-12-14 | The Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for performing stereotactic surgery |
US5107839A (en) * | 1990-05-04 | 1992-04-28 | Pavel V. Houdek | Computer controlled stereotaxic radiotherapy system and method |
US6347240B1 (en) | 1990-10-19 | 2002-02-12 | St. Louis University | System and method for use in displaying images of a body part |
DE69132412T2 (en) * | 1990-10-19 | 2001-03-01 | Univ St Louis | LOCALIZATION SYSTEM FOR A SURGICAL PROBE FOR USE ON THE HEAD |
US6167295A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 2000-12-26 | Radionics, Inc. | Optical and computer graphic stereotactic localizer |
US5662111A (en) | 1991-01-28 | 1997-09-02 | Cosman; Eric R. | Process of stereotactic optical navigation |
US6405072B1 (en) | 1991-01-28 | 2002-06-11 | Sherwood Services Ag | Apparatus and method for determining a location of an anatomical target with reference to a medical apparatus |
US6006126A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 1999-12-21 | Cosman; Eric R. | System and method for stereotactic registration of image scan data |
US6675040B1 (en) | 1991-01-28 | 2004-01-06 | Sherwood Services Ag | Optical object tracking system |
US5640496A (en) * | 1991-02-04 | 1997-06-17 | Medical Instrumentation And Diagnostics Corp. (Midco) | Method and apparatus for management of image data by linked lists of pixel values |
DE4106554C2 (en) * | 1991-03-01 | 1995-04-13 | Siegfried Dr Med Dr Me Richter | Fixation compartment for optimizing preoperative marking procedures for interventions on the female breast |
US5285785A (en) * | 1991-10-30 | 1994-02-15 | Meyer Seymour W | Apparatus and method for locating foreign bodies in humans and animals |
US5263494A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1993-11-23 | Gendex Corporation | Head positioner for cephalometric X-ray |
US5603318A (en) | 1992-04-21 | 1997-02-18 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Apparatus and method for photogrammetric surgical localization |
US6122341A (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 2000-09-19 | Butler; William E. | System for determining target positions in the body observed in CT image data |
WO1994004938A1 (en) | 1992-08-14 | 1994-03-03 | British Telecommunications Public Limited Company | Position location system |
US5260985A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1993-11-09 | Mosby Richard A | Conforming localization/biopsy grid and control apparatus |
US5388580A (en) * | 1992-08-19 | 1995-02-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Head holder for magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy system |
DE4233978C1 (en) * | 1992-10-08 | 1994-04-21 | Leibinger Gmbh | Body marking device for medical examinations |
US5799099A (en) * | 1993-02-12 | 1998-08-25 | George S. Allen | Automatic technique for localizing externally attached fiducial markers in volume images of the head |
US5433717A (en) * | 1993-03-23 | 1995-07-18 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Magnetic resonance imaging assisted cryosurgery |
US5380336A (en) * | 1993-04-16 | 1995-01-10 | John Misko | Method and apparatus for stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated radiation therapy |
IL109385A (en) | 1993-04-22 | 1998-03-10 | Pixsys | System for locating the relative positions of objects in three dimensional space |
CA2161430C (en) | 1993-04-26 | 2001-07-03 | Richard D. Bucholz | System and method for indicating the position of a surgical probe |
GB9323259D0 (en) * | 1993-11-11 | 1994-01-05 | Armstrong Projects Ltd | Improvements in or relating to alignment apparatus |
EP0741540B1 (en) * | 1994-01-28 | 2004-04-21 | Schneider Medical Technologies, Inc. | Imaging device and method |
US20040015176A1 (en) * | 1994-06-20 | 2004-01-22 | Cosman Eric R. | Stereotactic localizer system with dental impression |
US5829444A (en) * | 1994-09-15 | 1998-11-03 | Visualization Technology, Inc. | Position tracking and imaging system for use in medical applications |
DE4432890B4 (en) * | 1994-09-15 | 2004-02-19 | Brainlab Ag | Device for detecting the position of irradiation target points |
DE69531994T2 (en) | 1994-09-15 | 2004-07-22 | OEC Medical Systems, Inc., Boston | SYSTEM FOR POSITION DETECTION BY MEANS OF A REFERENCE UNIT ATTACHED TO A PATIENT'S HEAD FOR USE IN THE MEDICAL AREA |
US5891157A (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1999-04-06 | Ohio Medical Instrument Company, Inc. | Apparatus for surgical stereotactic procedures |
US5695501A (en) | 1994-09-30 | 1997-12-09 | Ohio Medical Instrument Company, Inc. | Apparatus for neurosurgical stereotactic procedures |
CA2201877C (en) | 1994-10-07 | 2004-06-08 | Richard D. Bucholz | Surgical navigation systems including reference and localization frames |
US6978166B2 (en) | 1994-10-07 | 2005-12-20 | Saint Louis University | System for use in displaying images of a body part |
US5628327A (en) * | 1994-12-15 | 1997-05-13 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Apparatus for performing biopsies and the like |
US5971997A (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 1999-10-26 | Radionics, Inc. | Intraoperative recalibration apparatus for stereotactic navigators |
DE19512819C2 (en) * | 1995-04-05 | 1999-05-27 | Siemens Ag | X-ray computer tomograph |
US5588033A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1996-12-24 | St. Jude Children's Research Hospital | Method and apparatus for three dimensional image reconstruction from multiple stereotactic or isocentric backprojections |
DE19530013C1 (en) * | 1995-08-16 | 1997-03-06 | Werner Dipl Phys Brenneisen | Correcting position of target e.g. tumour in target region of radiation treatment device |
AU6907696A (en) * | 1995-08-18 | 1997-03-12 | Brigham And Women's Hospital | Versatile stereotactic device and methods of use |
US5595191A (en) * | 1995-10-12 | 1997-01-21 | Wfr/Aquaplast Corporation | Adjustable patient immobilization system and method for patient immobilization |
US5835563A (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1998-11-10 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Calibration apparatus for X-ray geometry |
JP3881696B2 (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 2007-02-14 | シーメンス コーポレイト リサーチ インコーポレイテツド | X-ray geometry calibration |
US6167145A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 2000-12-26 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Bone navigation system |
US5900793A (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-05-04 | Odin Technologies Ltd | Permanent magnet assemblies for use in medical applications |
US6150911A (en) * | 1996-07-24 | 2000-11-21 | Odin Technologies Ltd. | Yoked permanent magnet assemblies for use in medical applications |
US6684098B2 (en) | 1996-08-16 | 2004-01-27 | Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Versatile stereotactic device and methods of use |
US6296613B1 (en) | 1997-08-22 | 2001-10-02 | Synthes (U.S.A.) | 3D ultrasound recording device |
JP3403593B2 (en) * | 1996-10-29 | 2003-05-06 | テルモ株式会社 | Measuring instrument and measuring method using the measuring instrument |
IL119558A (en) | 1996-11-04 | 2005-11-20 | Odin Technologies Ltd | Multi-probe mri/mrt system |
US6030348A (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 2000-02-29 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Leveling device especially adapted for use in apparatus for performing light beam guided biopsies and the like |
US5880976A (en) * | 1997-02-21 | 1999-03-09 | Carnegie Mellon University | Apparatus and method for facilitating the implantation of artificial components in joints |
US6205411B1 (en) | 1997-02-21 | 2001-03-20 | Carnegie Mellon University | Computer-assisted surgery planner and intra-operative guidance system |
US5984931A (en) * | 1997-03-18 | 1999-11-16 | Greenfield; Bruce G. | Diagnostic measurement transfer apparatus |
US6752812B1 (en) | 1997-05-15 | 2004-06-22 | Regent Of The University Of Minnesota | Remote actuation of trajectory guide |
US6411187B1 (en) | 1997-07-23 | 2002-06-25 | Odin Medical Technologies, Ltd. | Adjustable hybrid magnetic apparatus |
US6226548B1 (en) | 1997-09-24 | 2001-05-01 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Percutaneous registration apparatus and method for use in computer-assisted surgical navigation |
WO1999015914A1 (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-04-01 | Odin Technologies Ltd. | Magnetic apparatus for mri |
US6021343A (en) | 1997-11-20 | 2000-02-01 | Surgical Navigation Technologies | Image guided awl/tap/screwdriver |
US6348058B1 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 2002-02-19 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Image guided spinal surgery guide, system, and method for use thereof |
AU2438799A (en) * | 1998-02-09 | 1999-08-23 | Odin Medical Technologies Ltd | A method for designing open magnets and open magnetic apparatus for use in mri/mrt probes |
CA2335867C (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2008-12-30 | Synthes (U.S.A.) | Fiducial matching by means of fiducial screws |
US6118845A (en) | 1998-06-29 | 2000-09-12 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | System and methods for the reduction and elimination of image artifacts in the calibration of X-ray imagers |
US6477400B1 (en) | 1998-08-20 | 2002-11-05 | Sofamor Danek Holdings, Inc. | Fluoroscopic image guided orthopaedic surgery system with intraoperative registration |
DE19848765C2 (en) | 1998-10-22 | 2000-12-21 | Brainlab Med Computersyst Gmbh | Position verification in camera images |
US6826423B1 (en) | 1999-01-04 | 2004-11-30 | Midco-Medical Instrumentation And Diagnostics Corporation | Whole body stereotactic localization and immobilization system |
DE69931074T2 (en) | 1999-03-17 | 2006-11-16 | Synthes Ag Chur | DEVICE FOR PRESENTING AND PLANNING CRANE COATING OPERATIONS |
US6470207B1 (en) | 1999-03-23 | 2002-10-22 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Navigational guidance via computer-assisted fluoroscopic imaging |
US6491699B1 (en) | 1999-04-20 | 2002-12-10 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Instrument guidance method and system for image guided surgery |
DE19917867B4 (en) | 1999-04-20 | 2005-04-21 | Brainlab Ag | Method and device for image support in the treatment of treatment objectives with integration of X-ray detection and navigation system |
AU766981B2 (en) | 1999-04-20 | 2003-10-30 | Ao Technology Ag | Device for the percutaneous obtainment of 3D-coordinates on the surface of a human or animal organ |
ATE242865T1 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2003-06-15 | Synthes Ag | POSITION DETECTION DEVICE WITH AIDS FOR DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF THE GRAVITY VECTOR |
US6381485B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2002-04-30 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Registration of human anatomy integrated for electromagnetic localization |
US8644907B2 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2014-02-04 | Medtronic Navigaton, Inc. | Method and apparatus for surgical navigation |
US6493573B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2002-12-10 | Winchester Development Associates | Method and system for navigating a catheter probe in the presence of field-influencing objects |
US11331150B2 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2022-05-17 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for surgical navigation |
US6474341B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2002-11-05 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Surgical communication and power system |
US6499488B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2002-12-31 | Winchester Development Associates | Surgical sensor |
US8239001B2 (en) | 2003-10-17 | 2012-08-07 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for surgical navigation |
US7366562B2 (en) | 2003-10-17 | 2008-04-29 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for surgical navigation |
NO313573B1 (en) * | 2000-01-06 | 2002-10-28 | Medinnova Sf | Tools for use in brain operations, as well as a system for determining the insertion depth of a probe or similar brain operations and the coordinates of the tool and probe brain operations |
US6725080B2 (en) | 2000-03-01 | 2004-04-20 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Multiple cannula image guided tool for image guided procedures |
US7366561B2 (en) * | 2000-04-07 | 2008-04-29 | Medtronic, Inc. | Robotic trajectory guide |
US7660621B2 (en) * | 2000-04-07 | 2010-02-09 | Medtronic, Inc. | Medical device introducer |
US6535756B1 (en) | 2000-04-07 | 2003-03-18 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Trajectory storage apparatus and method for surgical navigation system |
US6991656B2 (en) * | 2000-04-26 | 2006-01-31 | Dana Mears | Method and apparatus for performing a minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty |
US20050043810A1 (en) * | 2000-04-26 | 2005-02-24 | Dana Mears | Method and apparatus for performing a minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty |
US6676706B1 (en) * | 2000-04-26 | 2004-01-13 | Zimmer Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for performing a minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty |
US7085400B1 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2006-08-01 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | System and method for image based sensor calibration |
US6355275B1 (en) | 2000-06-23 | 2002-03-12 | Carbon Medical Technologies, Inc. | Embolization using carbon coated microparticles |
US6394965B1 (en) | 2000-08-15 | 2002-05-28 | Carbon Medical Technologies, Inc. | Tissue marking using biocompatible microparticles |
US6902569B2 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2005-06-07 | Image-Guided Neurologics, Inc. | Trajectory guide with instrument immobilizer |
US6636757B1 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2003-10-21 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for electromagnetic navigation of a surgical probe near a metal object |
US7607440B2 (en) * | 2001-06-07 | 2009-10-27 | Intuitive Surgical, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for surgical planning |
US6947786B2 (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2005-09-20 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for perspective inversion |
US6990368B2 (en) | 2002-04-04 | 2006-01-24 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for virtual digital subtraction angiography |
US7998062B2 (en) | 2004-03-29 | 2011-08-16 | Superdimension, Ltd. | Endoscope structures and techniques for navigating to a target in branched structure |
AR039475A1 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2005-02-23 | Wyeth Corp | 6-ALQUILIDEN-PENEMS TRICICLICOS AS BETA-LACTAMASA INHIBITORS |
US7704260B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2010-04-27 | Medtronic, Inc. | Low profile instrument immobilizer |
US7599730B2 (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2009-10-06 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Navigation system for cardiac therapies |
US7697972B2 (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2010-04-13 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Navigation system for cardiac therapies |
US7636596B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2009-12-22 | Medtronic, Inc. | Organ access device and method |
AU2003287911A1 (en) * | 2002-12-27 | 2004-07-22 | Neurokinetic Aps | A device for localization of stereotactic coordinates |
US7542791B2 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2009-06-02 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for preplanning a surgical procedure |
US7660623B2 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2010-02-09 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Six degree of freedom alignment display for medical procedures |
US7559935B2 (en) | 2003-02-20 | 2009-07-14 | Medtronic, Inc. | Target depth locators for trajectory guide for introducing an instrument |
US7896889B2 (en) | 2003-02-20 | 2011-03-01 | Medtronic, Inc. | Trajectory guide with angled or patterned lumens or height adjustment |
US7570791B2 (en) | 2003-04-25 | 2009-08-04 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for performing 2D to 3D registration |
US7209538B2 (en) * | 2003-08-07 | 2007-04-24 | Xoran Technologies, Inc. | Intraoperative stereo imaging system |
US7313430B2 (en) | 2003-08-28 | 2007-12-25 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for performing stereotactic surgery |
ATE438335T1 (en) | 2003-09-15 | 2009-08-15 | Super Dimension Ltd | SYSTEM OF ACCESSORIES FOR USE WITH BRONCHOSCOPES |
EP2316328B1 (en) | 2003-09-15 | 2012-05-09 | Super Dimension Ltd. | Wrap-around holding device for use with bronchoscopes |
US7835778B2 (en) * | 2003-10-16 | 2010-11-16 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for surgical navigation of a multiple piece construct for implantation |
US7840253B2 (en) | 2003-10-17 | 2010-11-23 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for surgical navigation |
US8764725B2 (en) | 2004-02-09 | 2014-07-01 | Covidien Lp | Directional anchoring mechanism, method and applications thereof |
US20050182421A1 (en) | 2004-02-13 | 2005-08-18 | Schulte Gregory T. | Methods and apparatus for securing a therapy delivery device within a burr hole |
US7567834B2 (en) | 2004-05-03 | 2009-07-28 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for implantation between two vertebral bodies |
US20050267373A1 (en) * | 2004-05-28 | 2005-12-01 | Doohi Lee | Tool insertion guidance device for use with a medical imaging system |
EP1632193A1 (en) | 2004-09-02 | 2006-03-08 | BrainLAB AG | Hip registration system |
US7636595B2 (en) | 2004-10-28 | 2009-12-22 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for calibrating non-linear instruments |
US7497863B2 (en) | 2004-12-04 | 2009-03-03 | Medtronic, Inc. | Instrument guiding stage apparatus and method for using same |
US7744606B2 (en) | 2004-12-04 | 2010-06-29 | Medtronic, Inc. | Multi-lumen instrument guide |
US20060150984A1 (en) * | 2005-01-07 | 2006-07-13 | Ferguson Joe W | Surgical head fixation and positioning system |
US7840256B2 (en) * | 2005-06-27 | 2010-11-23 | Biomet Manufacturing Corporation | Image guided tracking array and method |
US7643862B2 (en) | 2005-09-15 | 2010-01-05 | Biomet Manufacturing Corporation | Virtual mouse for use in surgical navigation |
US7835784B2 (en) | 2005-09-21 | 2010-11-16 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for positioning a reference frame |
US20090105725A1 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2009-04-23 | Integra Radionics, Inc. | Stereotactic head frame localizer |
US7713471B2 (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2010-05-11 | Codman Neuro Sciences Sarl | System for protecting circuitry in high-temperature environments |
US9168102B2 (en) | 2006-01-18 | 2015-10-27 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing a container to a sterile environment |
US8323290B2 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2012-12-04 | Biomet Manufacturing Corp. | Tensor for use in surgical navigation |
US7556428B2 (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2009-07-07 | Xoran Technologies, Inc. | Surgical navigation system including patient tracker with removable registration appendage |
US8112292B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2012-02-07 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for optimizing a therapy |
US7515690B2 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2009-04-07 | Mackey J Kevin | Radiological scanning orientation indicator |
US20080033419A1 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2008-02-07 | Nields Morgan W | Method for planning, performing and monitoring thermal ablation |
US20080033418A1 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2008-02-07 | Nields Morgan W | Methods for monitoring thermal ablation |
US8155416B2 (en) | 2008-02-04 | 2012-04-10 | INTIO, Inc. | Methods and apparatuses for planning, performing, monitoring and assessing thermal ablation |
US7871406B2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2011-01-18 | INTIO, Inc. | Methods for planning and performing thermal ablation |
US8556888B2 (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2013-10-15 | INTIO, Inc. | Methods and apparatuses for performing and monitoring thermal ablation |
EP1905355B1 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2011-09-21 | BrainLAB AG | Hip registration system for medical navigation |
US8660635B2 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2014-02-25 | Medtronic, Inc. | Method and apparatus for optimizing a computer assisted surgical procedure |
US20080171930A1 (en) * | 2007-01-16 | 2008-07-17 | Ar2 Partners, Inc. | Method and apparatus for positioning an instrument in a predetermined region within a patient's body |
US8934961B2 (en) | 2007-05-18 | 2015-01-13 | Biomet Manufacturing, Llc | Trackable diagnostic scope apparatus and methods of use |
FR2917599B1 (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2011-11-25 | Alcis | ADAPTER DEVICE FOR STEREOTAXIS FRAMEWORK |
US8905920B2 (en) | 2007-09-27 | 2014-12-09 | Covidien Lp | Bronchoscope adapter and method |
US8571637B2 (en) | 2008-01-21 | 2013-10-29 | Biomet Manufacturing, Llc | Patella tracking method and apparatus for use in surgical navigation |
US9575140B2 (en) | 2008-04-03 | 2017-02-21 | Covidien Lp | Magnetic interference detection system and method |
US8473032B2 (en) | 2008-06-03 | 2013-06-25 | Superdimension, Ltd. | Feature-based registration method |
US8218847B2 (en) | 2008-06-06 | 2012-07-10 | Superdimension, Ltd. | Hybrid registration method |
US8932207B2 (en) | 2008-07-10 | 2015-01-13 | Covidien Lp | Integrated multi-functional endoscopic tool |
US8165658B2 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2012-04-24 | Medtronic, Inc. | Method and apparatus for positioning a guide relative to a base |
US8175681B2 (en) | 2008-12-16 | 2012-05-08 | Medtronic Navigation Inc. | Combination of electromagnetic and electropotential localization |
US8611984B2 (en) | 2009-04-08 | 2013-12-17 | Covidien Lp | Locatable catheter |
US8494613B2 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2013-07-23 | Medtronic, Inc. | Combination localization system |
US8494614B2 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2013-07-23 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Combination localization system |
US10582834B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2020-03-10 | Covidien Lp | Locatable expandable working channel and method |
CN101889901B (en) * | 2010-07-16 | 2011-12-14 | 李玉宝 | Somatic part CT precise positioning puncture device and positioning method thereof |
US20150025548A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 | 2015-01-22 | Neutar, Llc | Patient and Procedure Customized Fixation and Targeting Devices for Stereotactic Frames |
EP2838433B1 (en) | 2012-04-16 | 2017-10-11 | Neurologica Corp. | Imaging system with rigidly mounted fiducial markers |
US10952593B2 (en) | 2014-06-10 | 2021-03-23 | Covidien Lp | Bronchoscope adapter |
US10426555B2 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2019-10-01 | Covidien Lp | Medical instrument with sensor for use in a system and method for electromagnetic navigation |
US9672607B2 (en) * | 2015-10-08 | 2017-06-06 | Biosense Webster (Israel) Ltd. | Identification and registration of multi-marker jig |
US9962134B2 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2018-05-08 | Medtronic Navigation, Inc. | Apparatus and method for maintaining image quality while minimizing X-ray dosage of a patient |
US10478254B2 (en) | 2016-05-16 | 2019-11-19 | Covidien Lp | System and method to access lung tissue |
US10722311B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2020-07-28 | Covidien Lp | System and method for identifying a location and/or an orientation of an electromagnetic sensor based on a map |
US10615500B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2020-04-07 | Covidien Lp | System and method for designing electromagnetic navigation antenna assemblies |
US10418705B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2019-09-17 | Covidien Lp | Electromagnetic navigation antenna assembly and electromagnetic navigation system including the same |
US10638952B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2020-05-05 | Covidien Lp | Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for calibrating an electromagnetic navigation system |
US10751126B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2020-08-25 | Covidien Lp | System and method for generating a map for electromagnetic navigation |
US10792106B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2020-10-06 | Covidien Lp | System for calibrating an electromagnetic navigation system |
US10517505B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2019-12-31 | Covidien Lp | Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for optimizing an electromagnetic navigation system |
US10446931B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2019-10-15 | Covidien Lp | Electromagnetic navigation antenna assembly and electromagnetic navigation system including the same |
US9707049B1 (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2017-07-18 | The Florida International University Board Of Trustees | Stereotactic device for implantation of permanent implants into a rodent brain |
US11219489B2 (en) | 2017-10-31 | 2022-01-11 | Covidien Lp | Devices and systems for providing sensors in parallel with medical tools |
US10251722B1 (en) | 2018-09-17 | 2019-04-09 | The Florida International University Board Of Trustees | Stereotaxic brain implant system for large animals |
LU101433B1 (en) * | 2019-10-11 | 2021-04-15 | Centre Hospitalier De Luxembourg | Device and method for introducing and detecting fiducial markers during radiological imaging of the head |
US11529738B2 (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2022-12-20 | NDR Medical Technology Pte. Ltd. | Control system and a method for operating a robot |
CN112837363B (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2022-09-30 | 上海交通大学 | Stereotactic frame positioning method and system, medium and terminal |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB818711A (en) * | 1955-12-06 | 1959-08-19 | Mini Of Supply | Stereotaxic device |
NL107206C (en) * | 1959-03-07 | 1900-01-01 | ||
US3223087A (en) * | 1960-06-18 | 1965-12-14 | Chirana Praha Np | Stereotaxic device |
FR1311384A (en) * | 1961-10-27 | 1962-12-07 | Alexandre & Cie | Device allowing complete exploration of the brain in stereotaxic neurosurgery |
DE1206116B (en) * | 1961-10-27 | 1965-12-02 | Alexandre & Cie Sa | Device for stereotactic neurosurgery |
US3867634A (en) * | 1968-08-23 | 1975-02-18 | Emi Ltd | Body portion support for use with penetrating radiation examination apparatus |
US3737660A (en) * | 1969-10-09 | 1973-06-05 | Hida X Ray | Apparatus for taking tomograms of parabolically curved objects |
US3991310A (en) * | 1970-08-03 | 1976-11-09 | Morrison Richard A | Biplane radiographic localization of target center for radiotherapy |
US3714428A (en) * | 1970-08-10 | 1973-01-30 | V Gasaway | Marker for radiology |
GB1458196A (en) * | 1973-09-12 | 1976-12-08 | Lowndes R B W | Obtaining x-ray photographs or images |
US3962579A (en) * | 1974-02-28 | 1976-06-08 | Douglas Fredwill Winnek | Three-dimensional radiography |
FR2274040A1 (en) * | 1974-06-06 | 1976-01-02 | Philips Massiot Mat Medic | DEVICE FOR THE EXPLORATION OF A SURFACE ESPECIALLY FLAT AND ITS APPLICATION TO DIAGNOSTIC DEVICES BY SCINTIGRAPHY |
US3976885A (en) * | 1975-03-18 | 1976-08-24 | Picker Corporation | Tomography system having nonconcurrent, compound axial scanning |
US4005527A (en) * | 1975-12-22 | 1977-02-01 | Wilson Ralph S | Depth gauge |
GB1564117A (en) * | 1975-12-23 | 1980-04-02 | Emi Ltd | Radiography |
DE2613809B2 (en) * | 1976-03-31 | 1979-01-04 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | X-ray layer device for the production of transverse layer images |
DE2715106C2 (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1982-05-27 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Device for measuring the location, the position and / or the change in location or position of a rigid body in space |
SU745505A1 (en) * | 1977-09-28 | 1980-07-05 | Научно-Исследовательский Институт Экспериментальной Медицины Амн Ссср | Method of guiding stereotaxic tool on target point |
-
1979
- 1979-04-13 US US06/029,865 patent/US4341220A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1980
- 1980-04-09 EP EP80301137A patent/EP0018166A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-04-10 CA CA000349572A patent/CA1148433A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-04-11 JP JP4791480A patent/JPS55141235A/en active Pending
- 1980-04-11 AU AU57373/80A patent/AU518629B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-04-11 ES ES1980490509A patent/ES490509A0/en active Granted
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU518629B2 (en) | 1981-10-08 |
AU5737380A (en) | 1981-01-15 |
ES8103962A1 (en) | 1981-04-16 |
ES490509A0 (en) | 1981-04-16 |
US4341220A (en) | 1982-07-27 |
JPS55141235A (en) | 1980-11-05 |
EP0018166A1 (en) | 1980-10-29 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA1148433A (en) | Stereotactic surgery apparatus and method | |
US4706665A (en) | Frame for stereotactic surgery | |
US4638798A (en) | Stereotactic method and apparatus for locating and treating or removing lesions | |
AU658333B2 (en) | Method for imaging the anatomy | |
EP0424456B1 (en) | Biopsy arc means and the use of the same | |
US5080100A (en) | System and method for measuring and/or checking the position of a patient in a radio-therapy machine | |
EP1774312B1 (en) | Calibrating ultrasound imaging devices | |
US4922915A (en) | Automated image detail localization method | |
US4838265A (en) | Localization device for probe placement under CT scanner imaging | |
US5618288A (en) | Stereotactic system for surgical procedures | |
US5681326A (en) | Stereotactical instrument | |
Boëthius et al. | Stereotaxic computerized tomography with a GE 8800 scanner | |
US6904125B2 (en) | Phantom for evaluating nondosimetric functions in a multi-leaf collimated radiation treatment planning system | |
US3508552A (en) | Apparatus for stereotaxic neurosurgery | |
US5163430A (en) | Method and apparatus for performing stereotactic surgery | |
US5964715A (en) | Method for modifying at least one calculation algorithm in a biopsy system, and biopsy system operating according to the method | |
US6080164A (en) | Versatile stereotactic device | |
EP0714636A2 (en) | Interventional medicine apparatus | |
EP0934730A1 (en) | Stereotactic guide | |
WO1995022297A1 (en) | Stereotactic pointing device | |
WO2005041835A2 (en) | System and method for calibrating and positioning a radiation therapy treatment table | |
US5799059A (en) | Phantom and method for accuracy and repeatability testing of positional mechanisms of computer assisted tomography and magnetic resonance imaging systems | |
US5681327A (en) | Stereotactic auxiliary means for tomogram-guided implementation of a biopsy | |
CN110639133A (en) | Head radiotherapy device capable of resetting for multiple times | |
Agbi et al. | Calculation of coordinates for depth electrodes placed in temporal lobe structures visualized by oblique CT scan cuts |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MKEX | Expiry |