CA1148052A - Pinching device for surgical purposes - Google Patents
Pinching device for surgical purposesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1148052A CA1148052A CA000351420A CA351420A CA1148052A CA 1148052 A CA1148052 A CA 1148052A CA 000351420 A CA000351420 A CA 000351420A CA 351420 A CA351420 A CA 351420A CA 1148052 A CA1148052 A CA 1148052A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pinching device
- pin
- sleeve
- supporting part
- pinching
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/30—Surgical pincettes without pivotal connections
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B2017/12004—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord for haemostasis, for prevention of bleeding
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T24/00—Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc.
- Y10T24/44—Clasp, clip, support-clamp, or required component thereof
- Y10T24/44573—Clasp, clip, support-clamp, or required component thereof including track or way guided and retained gripping member
- Y10T24/44615—Clasp, clip, support-clamp, or required component thereof including track or way guided and retained gripping member with position locking-means for gripping members
- Y10T24/44624—Integral locking-means
Abstract
Pinching device for surgical purposes A B S T R A C T
The invention relates to a pinching device for surgical purposes comprising two parallel jaw elements having each a supporting part, one of which is provided with a pin at right angles thereto and the other having a sleeve mounted at right angles thereto and fitting around said pin.
The pinching device according to the invention is characterized in that one supporting part is provided with a guide pin and the other has a bore receiving said pin located in the same plane as the first-mentioned pin and the sleeve.
The invention relates to a pinching device for surgical purposes comprising two parallel jaw elements having each a supporting part, one of which is provided with a pin at right angles thereto and the other having a sleeve mounted at right angles thereto and fitting around said pin.
The pinching device according to the invention is characterized in that one supporting part is provided with a guide pin and the other has a bore receiving said pin located in the same plane as the first-mentioned pin and the sleeve.
Description
sz Pinching device for surgical purposes The invention relates to a pinching device for surgical purposes comprising two parallel jaw elements having each a supporting part, one of which is provided with a pin at ri~ht angles thereto and the other having a sleeve mounted at right angles thereto and fitting around said pin.
Such a pinching device is known from German patent application 1,791,102. This known pinching device is provided with a hollow pin, which is slidable in a concentric sleeve, and with a compression spring arranged in said pin and in said sleeve and acting on said parts in a manner such that they are urged away from one another and hence the two jaw elements are urged towards on another.
In order to maintain the two jaw elements at a given distance from one another an expedient, for example, surgical pincers is required with a fixing device~ Since it is practically not possible to partially pinch off and to completely pinch off blood vessels by means of such a pinching device without damage to the vessels, and since dis-placement of this pinching device is only possible in given increments and reopening is accompanied by an initial addi-tional closure of the jaw elements due to the structure of the surgical pincers to be used, there is a need for a pinching device which does not exhibit these disadvantages.
The invention provides a pinching device of the kind set forth, which is characterized in that one supporting part is provided with a guide pin and the other has a bore receiving said pin located in the same plane as the first-~.
114~5;~
-mentioned pin and the sleeve. Such a construction provides an improved feel for use even with gloved hands. Moreover, the adjustability is continuous and re-opening is possible without first closing the jaws further.
With a view to the unavoidable amount of play be-tween the components it is advisable to locate the sleeve on that side of a supporting part, which holds a jaw element in order to avoid an appreciable increase in the given distance between the jaw elements after being manually adjusted.
In manufacture and in use it is preferred to fasten the two pins to the same supporting part.
In order to avoid unintentional removal of the parts from one another it is desirable to provide one of the pins near its free end with a thickened portion. The end of the pin passed through the sleeve or the bore is thus pre-vented from leaving the sleeve or the bore. During cleaning and disinfection after use of the pinching device it is de-sirable to separate the parts from one another in order to give access to cavities and gaps. To this end the thickened portion is c~nstructed in the form of a circlip located in an uninterrupted groove in the pin. By removing this circlip, but preferably by proportioning this circlip so that it can pass resiliently through the bore or the sleeve by exerting a great force, that is to say, a force definif.ely exceeding the force exerted in normal use, the two parts of the pinching device can be separated from one another in a simple manner. For opening the pinching device it is only necessary to move away from one another the ends of the supporting parts remote from the jaw elements: for facilitating ~his manipulation it is advisable to provide a finger hole at the : . . :' ' 1148~52 free end of each supporting part on the side facing the other part. For the same purpose it is also advisable to arrange the supporting parts at a larger distance from one another than the jaw elements in the plane in which they are-rela-tively displaceable. The latter structure ensures that even when the pinching device is completely closed the supporting parts are not in contact with one another and hence remain readily accessible for opening the pinching device.
The pinching device is retained in the adjusted position by the stress of the object locat.ed between the jaw elements. Owing to this stress a tilting moment is exerted on the pin with respect to the sleeve so that owing,to the fric-tion produced between them a relative displacement is pre-vented~ Obviously parts of the sleeve are essentially inope-rative, so that it is possible to partly remove the sleeve on one supporting part on the side facing the other supporting part and the associated jaw element and on the side remote therefrom. By this modification weight of material can be saved.
The invention will be described more fully with reference to a drawing in which show Figure 1 a perspective view of a pinching device in accordance with the invention, Figure 2 a perspective view in the operational po-sition of a preferred embodiment of the pinching device of Figure 1, and Figure 3 an enlarged detail of a modified embodi-ment of the pinching device in accordance with the invention.
Figures 1 and 2 show a surgical pinching device comprising two elongated supporting parts 1, 2 having at cor- ¦
)5Z
responding ends each one jaw element 4, 3. Although in Figure 1 the jaw elements 4, 3 are shown as prolongations of the supporting parts 1, 2, they may alternatively be at an obtuse angle, which is interesting for various uses. One supporting part 1 is provided with two parallel, smooth pins 6, 7 ex-tending through holes in the other supporting part 2. In the hole nearest the jaw elements 3, 4 is fixedly arranged a sleeve 5, through which the pin 6 can slide with a minor amount of clearance. The other hole is an elongated bore 8, through which the guide pin 7 can pass with ample clearance.
In this way the two supporting parts 1, 2 can be moved away from and towards one another, whilst their parall,el position is maintained so that also the forcing surfaces of the jaw elements 3, 4 are displaceable towards and away from one lS another in parallel relationship. For this displacement a force has to be exerted on the two supporting parts 1, 2 near the pin 6 and the sleeve 5.
An object clamped between the jaw elements 3, 4 will exert thereon a reactive force resulting in an opposite tilting moment on the sleeve 5 and the pin 6 so that owing to the friction between them they cannot be displaced by said reactive force. If the pinching force has to be mitigated it is only necessary to move away from one another the ends of the supporting parts 1, 2 remot.e from the jaw elements 3, 4, which is facilitated by the cavities 11, 12 provided near said ends on the proximal sides for receiving a finger.
In order to avoid disengagement of the two parts one of the pins 7 has a thickened portion constructed in the embodiment shown in the form of a circlip 9 located in an uninterrupted groove 10 and having an outer diameter which exceeds the smaller dimension of the bore 8. However, for facilit.ating cleaning and sterilisation the circlip 9 can pass through the bore 8 whilst its diameter can be reduced by exerting a greater force on the pinching device than is applied in normal use. Duriong mounting an inverse manipu-lation can be carried out.
Since for maintaining the clamping force of the jaw elements 3, 4 only the points 13, 14 of the sleeve 15 as shown in Figure 3 are important, the portions facing the other supporting part 1 and the associated jaw element 3 and the portion remote therefrom i.e. the diagonally opposite portion can be omitted. This causes a saving of weight and it facilitates closure of the pinching device, when the closing force is not exerted directly near the pin 6 and the sleeve 15, but is applied further to the left in Figure 3.
Such a pinching device is known from German patent application 1,791,102. This known pinching device is provided with a hollow pin, which is slidable in a concentric sleeve, and with a compression spring arranged in said pin and in said sleeve and acting on said parts in a manner such that they are urged away from one another and hence the two jaw elements are urged towards on another.
In order to maintain the two jaw elements at a given distance from one another an expedient, for example, surgical pincers is required with a fixing device~ Since it is practically not possible to partially pinch off and to completely pinch off blood vessels by means of such a pinching device without damage to the vessels, and since dis-placement of this pinching device is only possible in given increments and reopening is accompanied by an initial addi-tional closure of the jaw elements due to the structure of the surgical pincers to be used, there is a need for a pinching device which does not exhibit these disadvantages.
The invention provides a pinching device of the kind set forth, which is characterized in that one supporting part is provided with a guide pin and the other has a bore receiving said pin located in the same plane as the first-~.
114~5;~
-mentioned pin and the sleeve. Such a construction provides an improved feel for use even with gloved hands. Moreover, the adjustability is continuous and re-opening is possible without first closing the jaws further.
With a view to the unavoidable amount of play be-tween the components it is advisable to locate the sleeve on that side of a supporting part, which holds a jaw element in order to avoid an appreciable increase in the given distance between the jaw elements after being manually adjusted.
In manufacture and in use it is preferred to fasten the two pins to the same supporting part.
In order to avoid unintentional removal of the parts from one another it is desirable to provide one of the pins near its free end with a thickened portion. The end of the pin passed through the sleeve or the bore is thus pre-vented from leaving the sleeve or the bore. During cleaning and disinfection after use of the pinching device it is de-sirable to separate the parts from one another in order to give access to cavities and gaps. To this end the thickened portion is c~nstructed in the form of a circlip located in an uninterrupted groove in the pin. By removing this circlip, but preferably by proportioning this circlip so that it can pass resiliently through the bore or the sleeve by exerting a great force, that is to say, a force definif.ely exceeding the force exerted in normal use, the two parts of the pinching device can be separated from one another in a simple manner. For opening the pinching device it is only necessary to move away from one another the ends of the supporting parts remote from the jaw elements: for facilitating ~his manipulation it is advisable to provide a finger hole at the : . . :' ' 1148~52 free end of each supporting part on the side facing the other part. For the same purpose it is also advisable to arrange the supporting parts at a larger distance from one another than the jaw elements in the plane in which they are-rela-tively displaceable. The latter structure ensures that even when the pinching device is completely closed the supporting parts are not in contact with one another and hence remain readily accessible for opening the pinching device.
The pinching device is retained in the adjusted position by the stress of the object locat.ed between the jaw elements. Owing to this stress a tilting moment is exerted on the pin with respect to the sleeve so that owing,to the fric-tion produced between them a relative displacement is pre-vented~ Obviously parts of the sleeve are essentially inope-rative, so that it is possible to partly remove the sleeve on one supporting part on the side facing the other supporting part and the associated jaw element and on the side remote therefrom. By this modification weight of material can be saved.
The invention will be described more fully with reference to a drawing in which show Figure 1 a perspective view of a pinching device in accordance with the invention, Figure 2 a perspective view in the operational po-sition of a preferred embodiment of the pinching device of Figure 1, and Figure 3 an enlarged detail of a modified embodi-ment of the pinching device in accordance with the invention.
Figures 1 and 2 show a surgical pinching device comprising two elongated supporting parts 1, 2 having at cor- ¦
)5Z
responding ends each one jaw element 4, 3. Although in Figure 1 the jaw elements 4, 3 are shown as prolongations of the supporting parts 1, 2, they may alternatively be at an obtuse angle, which is interesting for various uses. One supporting part 1 is provided with two parallel, smooth pins 6, 7 ex-tending through holes in the other supporting part 2. In the hole nearest the jaw elements 3, 4 is fixedly arranged a sleeve 5, through which the pin 6 can slide with a minor amount of clearance. The other hole is an elongated bore 8, through which the guide pin 7 can pass with ample clearance.
In this way the two supporting parts 1, 2 can be moved away from and towards one another, whilst their parall,el position is maintained so that also the forcing surfaces of the jaw elements 3, 4 are displaceable towards and away from one lS another in parallel relationship. For this displacement a force has to be exerted on the two supporting parts 1, 2 near the pin 6 and the sleeve 5.
An object clamped between the jaw elements 3, 4 will exert thereon a reactive force resulting in an opposite tilting moment on the sleeve 5 and the pin 6 so that owing to the friction between them they cannot be displaced by said reactive force. If the pinching force has to be mitigated it is only necessary to move away from one another the ends of the supporting parts 1, 2 remot.e from the jaw elements 3, 4, which is facilitated by the cavities 11, 12 provided near said ends on the proximal sides for receiving a finger.
In order to avoid disengagement of the two parts one of the pins 7 has a thickened portion constructed in the embodiment shown in the form of a circlip 9 located in an uninterrupted groove 10 and having an outer diameter which exceeds the smaller dimension of the bore 8. However, for facilit.ating cleaning and sterilisation the circlip 9 can pass through the bore 8 whilst its diameter can be reduced by exerting a greater force on the pinching device than is applied in normal use. Duriong mounting an inverse manipu-lation can be carried out.
Since for maintaining the clamping force of the jaw elements 3, 4 only the points 13, 14 of the sleeve 15 as shown in Figure 3 are important, the portions facing the other supporting part 1 and the associated jaw element 3 and the portion remote therefrom i.e. the diagonally opposite portion can be omitted. This causes a saving of weight and it facilitates closure of the pinching device, when the closing force is not exerted directly near the pin 6 and the sleeve 15, but is applied further to the left in Figure 3.
Claims (9)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A pinching device for surgical purposes comprising two parallel jaw elements having each a supporting part, one of which is provided with a first pin at right angles thereto and the other having a sleeve mounted at right angles thereto and fitting around said first pin, characterized in that said supporting parts are respectively provided with a guide pin and a bore receiving said guide pin and located in the same plane as said first pin and said sleeve.
2. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the sleeve is located on the side of the jaw element of said other supporting part.
3. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said first pin and said guide pin are both fastened to said one supporting part.
4. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that one of the pins is provided near its free end with a thickened portion.
5. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that one of the pins is provided near its free end with a thickened portion comprising a circlip located in an uninterrupted groove in the pin.
6. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 characterized in that the supporting parts have each at the free ends on the proximal sides a cavity for receiving a finger.
7. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 characterized in that in the plane in which they are relatively displaceable the supporting parts are spaced apart by a larger distance than the jaw elements.
8. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that on said other supporting part the sleeve is partly broken away on the side facing said one supporting part and the associated jaw element and on the side remote therefrom.
9. A pinching device as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that one of the pins is provided near its free end with a thickened portion comprising a circlip located in an uninterrupted groove in the pin, said circlip being capable of passing resiliently through the bore or the sleeve with inter-ference.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL7903570 | 1979-05-07 | ||
| NL7903570A NL7903570A (en) | 1979-05-07 | 1979-05-07 | CLAMP DEVICE FOR SURGICAL PURPOSES. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1148052A true CA1148052A (en) | 1983-06-14 |
Family
ID=19833113
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000351420A Expired CA1148052A (en) | 1979-05-07 | 1980-05-07 | Pinching device for surgical purposes |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4424811A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0018698B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5613939A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE3941T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU543378B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8002819A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1148052A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3063951D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES250562Y (en) |
| FI (1) | FI61805C (en) |
| IE (1) | IE49474B1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7903570A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO801335L (en) |
| PT (1) | PT71189A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA802719B (en) |
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5822113U (en) * | 1981-08-01 | 1983-02-10 | 狭山精密工業株式会社 | Medical clip with gripping part that prevents it from slipping off |
| JPS5985654A (en) * | 1982-08-02 | 1984-05-17 | エチコン・インコ−ポレ−テツド | Non-metallic living body compatible hemostatic clip |
| US4635636A (en) * | 1985-06-18 | 1987-01-13 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | Microspike surgical approximator |
| JPS62168381U (en) * | 1986-04-17 | 1987-10-26 | ||
| US4711240A (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1987-12-08 | Duke University Patents Foundation | Surgical dissector |
| GB2204822B (en) * | 1987-03-31 | 1991-10-09 | Duracell Int | Holders |
| FR2629816B1 (en) * | 1988-04-06 | 1990-09-07 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ALKALINE PHENYLPYRUVATE |
| US5263971A (en) * | 1991-02-13 | 1993-11-23 | Life Medical Sciences, Inc. | Apparatus for the closure of wide skin defects by stretching of skin |
| US5336232A (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1994-08-09 | United States Surgical Corporation | Approximating apparatus for surgical jaw structure and method of using the same |
| CA2061885A1 (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-09-15 | David T. Green | Approximating apparatus for surgical jaw structure |
| US5486196A (en) * | 1992-02-13 | 1996-01-23 | Medchem Products, Inc. | Apparatus for the closure of wide skin defects by stretching of skin |
| US5520704A (en) * | 1992-10-09 | 1996-05-28 | United States Surgical Corporation | Everting forceps with locking mechanism |
| US6716232B1 (en) | 1993-04-30 | 2004-04-06 | United States Surgical Corporation | Surgical instrument having an articulated jaw structure and a detachable knife |
| JP3559561B2 (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 2004-09-02 | ユナイテッド・ステイツ・サージカル・コーポレイション | Surgical instrument with articulated jaw structure and removable knife |
| CA2188263A1 (en) * | 1994-04-21 | 1995-11-02 | John E. Burbank, Iii | Skin stretching device |
| ATE371409T1 (en) * | 1998-05-21 | 2007-09-15 | Christopher J Walshe | SYSTEM FOR FIXING TISSUE |
| US6267773B1 (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2001-07-31 | Donald L. Gadberry | Low profile surgical clip |
| US6776782B2 (en) * | 2001-06-26 | 2004-08-17 | Ethicon, Inc. | Vessel eversion instrument with wiping element |
| US7588585B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2009-09-15 | Novare Surgical Systems, Inc. | Handleless clamping device |
| US7033378B2 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2006-04-25 | Id, Llc | Surgical fastener, particularly for the endoluminal treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
| DE10261937B4 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2007-08-16 | Scholz, Martin, Dr. med. PD | Temporary clip for occluding supplying blood vessels during a surgical procedure |
| US7691053B2 (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2010-04-06 | Tyco Healthcare Group Lp | Gastric restrictor assembly and method of use |
| US20070112365A1 (en) * | 2005-11-15 | 2007-05-17 | Applied Medical Resources Corporation | Partial occlusion surgical guide clip |
| US8685057B2 (en) * | 2012-05-25 | 2014-04-01 | Ming-Yuan Wu | Disposable dental tweezers |
| US9254702B1 (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2016-02-09 | John T. Brown | Clamping assembly |
| WO2016037052A1 (en) * | 2014-09-05 | 2016-03-10 | Children's Medical Center Corporation | Combined tweezers and method of using combined tweezers |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3510923A (en) * | 1968-06-20 | 1970-05-12 | American Hospital Supply Corp | Parallel jaw ratchet clip and retractor |
-
1979
- 1979-05-07 NL NL7903570A patent/NL7903570A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1980
- 1980-05-02 AT AT80200416T patent/ATE3941T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-05-02 EP EP80200416A patent/EP0018698B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-02 DE DE8080200416T patent/DE3063951D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-05 FI FI801440A patent/FI61805C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-05-05 IE IE911/80A patent/IE49474B1/en unknown
- 1980-05-06 NO NO801335A patent/NO801335L/en unknown
- 1980-05-06 PT PT71189A patent/PT71189A/en unknown
- 1980-05-06 ZA ZA00802719A patent/ZA802719B/en unknown
- 1980-05-07 BR BR8002819A patent/BR8002819A/en unknown
- 1980-05-07 ES ES1980250562U patent/ES250562Y/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-07 CA CA000351420A patent/CA1148052A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-05-07 JP JP5956680A patent/JPS5613939A/en active Granted
- 1980-05-08 AU AU58211/80A patent/AU543378B2/en not_active Ceased
-
1982
- 1982-02-04 US US06/345,664 patent/US4424811A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0018698A1 (en) | 1980-11-12 |
| US4424811A (en) | 1984-01-10 |
| NL7903570A (en) | 1980-11-11 |
| BR8002819A (en) | 1980-12-16 |
| FI61805B (en) | 1982-06-30 |
| AU5821180A (en) | 1980-11-13 |
| ES250562U (en) | 1980-09-01 |
| DE3063951D1 (en) | 1983-08-04 |
| EP0018698B1 (en) | 1983-06-29 |
| JPS5726776B2 (en) | 1982-06-07 |
| ES250562Y (en) | 1981-03-16 |
| IE800911L (en) | 1980-11-07 |
| FI801440A (en) | 1980-11-08 |
| ATE3941T1 (en) | 1983-07-15 |
| ZA802719B (en) | 1981-05-27 |
| FI61805C (en) | 1982-10-11 |
| IE49474B1 (en) | 1985-10-16 |
| AU543378B2 (en) | 1985-04-18 |
| JPS5613939A (en) | 1981-02-10 |
| NO801335L (en) | 1980-11-10 |
| PT71189A (en) | 1980-06-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |