A download manager is a computer program Rugby Game Download dedicated to the task of Rugby Game Download downloading (and Rugby Game Download sometime uploading) possibly unrelated stand-alone files from (and sometime Rugby Game Download to) the Internet for Rugby Game Download storage. This is unlike a World Wide Web browser, which Rugby Game Download is mainly intended to browse web pages, composed of a multitude of smaller files, where error-free Rugby Game Download moving of files for Rugby Game Download permanent storage is of secondary importance. (A failed Rugby Game Download or incomplete web page file rarely ruins the page.) The typical download manager at a minimum provides means to recover from errors without losing the work already completed, and can optionally split Rugby Game Download the file to be Rugby Game Download downloaded (or uploaded) into 2 Rugby Game Download or more segments, which are then moved in parallel, Rugby Game Download potentially Rugby Game Download making the process Rugby Game Download faster within the limits of the available bandwidth. (A few servers are Rugby Game Download known to block moving files in parallel segments, on the principle that server capacity should be shared equally by all users.) Multi-source is the name given Rugby Game Download to files that are Rugby Game Download downloaded in parallel.
There are several things that some web browsers are not very good at. That's Rugby Game Download where the download managers enter the equation:
Pausing the Rugby Game Download downloading of large Rugby Game Download files.
Resuming broken or paused downloads (especially for Rugby Game Download very large files).
Downloading files on Rugby Game Download poor connections.
Downloading several files from a site automatically according to simple rules (file Rugby Game Download types, updated files, etc. - see also Offline Browser).
Automatic recursive downloads (mirroring).
Scheduled Rugby Game Download downloads (including, Rugby Game Download automatic hang-up and shutdown).
Searching for mirror sites, and Rugby Game Download the handling of different connections to download the same file more quickly (segmented Rugby Game Download downloading).
Download managers are useful for active Internet users. For dial-up users, they can automatically dial the internet service provider at night, when rates or tariffs are usually lower, download the specified files, and hang-up. They can record which links the user clicks on during the day, and queue these files for later download. For broadband users, download managers can help download very Rugby Game Download large files by resuming broken downloads, by limiting the bandwidth used, so that other internet activities are not affected (slowed) and the server is not overloaded, Rugby Game Download or by automatically navigating a site and Rugby Game Download downloading pre-specified content (photo galleries, MP3 collections, etc.) this can also include automatically downloading whole sites Rugby Game Download and regularly updating them (see Mirroring).
Many download managers support Metalink, Rugby Game Download an XML file listing mirrors, checksums, and other information useful for downloading.
See Rugby Game Download below for some examples of commonly used download managers. Some downloaders are optimized for a certain function. For example, Offline Explorer is designed to download entire websites.
Download managers, such as Go!Zilla, were among the first adware applications displaying a banner ad in the user interface.
Related to download managers Rugby Game Download are two other Rugby Game Download breeds of Internet programs, file-sharing peer-to-peer applications (Kazaa, Rugby Game Download eMule, Rugby Game Download BitTorrent, Gnutella) and stream recorders (such Rugby Game Download as StreamBox VCR).
While download managers are designed to give users greater control over downloads, some downloaders are created to give that control to content distributors instead. Some software companies, Rugby Game Download for example Adobe [1], provide Rugby Game Download such downloaders for downloading software on their own site. Presumably this Rugby Game Download increases reliability and reduces tech support costs to them. A Rugby Game Download possible reason is increasing the control over redistribution of their software (even when the software is freeware).In computer Rugby Game Download technology and telecommunication, Rugby Game Download on-line and off-line Rugby Game Download are defined by Federal Standard 1037C. They are states or conditions of a Rugby Game Download "device or equipment" or of "a functional unit". To be Rugby Game Download considered on-line, a device must be at least one of:
"Under the direct control of another device"
"Under the direct control of Rugby Game Download the system with which it is associated"
"Available Rugby Game Download for Rugby Game Download immediate use on demand by the system without human intervention"
"Connected to a system, and Rugby Game Download is in operation"
"Functional and ready Rugby Game Download for service"
while a device that is off-line is not (e.g. it has "its main Rugby Game Download power source disconnected or turned off", and is "off-power").
One Free Excel Download example of a common use of these concepts is a Mail User Agent that Rugby Game Download can Rugby Game Download be instructed to be in either "on-line" Rugby Game Download or "off-line" Rugby Game Download states. One such MUA is Microsoft Outlook. When it Rugby Game Download is "on-line" it will attempt to connect to mail servers (to check for new mail at Rugby Game Download regular intervals, Rugby Game Download for example), and when Rugby Game Download it Rugby Game Download is "off-line" it will not attempt to make any such connections. The "on-line" or "off-line" state of the MUA does not necessarily reflect the connection status between the computer on which it is running and Internet. The user may have the computer itself on-line, connected Rugby Game Download to Internet via a cable modem or an ADSL connection, but may wish Rugby Game Download for Outlook to be off-line, Rugby Game Download so that it makes no attempt to Rugby Game Download send or to receive messages. Or the computer may be configured to employ a dial-up connection on demand (whenever an application such as Outlook attempts to make connection to a server), but the connection may be an expensive telephone call from the particular location in which the computer currently happens to be (such Rugby Game Download as Fire Fox Download a hotel room) and the Rugby Game Download user may not wish Outlook Rugby Game Download to trigger making that call every Rugby Game Download 5 or 10 minutes to check for mail.[1]
Another example of the use of these concepts is Rugby Game Download in Rugby Game Download the world of digital audio technology. A Rugby Game Download tape recorder, digital editor, or Free Download Music Videos other device that is "on-line" is one whose clock is under the control of the clock of a Rugby Game Download "synchronization master" device. When the sync master commences Rugby Game Download playback, the "on-line" device automatically synchronizes itself to the master and Rugby Game Download commences playing from the same point in Rugby Game Download the recording. Whereas a device that is "off-line" Rugby Game Download uses no external clock reference and relies upon its own internal clock. When a large number of devices are connected to a sync master, it is often convenient, if one wants to Rugby Game Download hear just the output of one single device, Rugby Game Download to take Rugby Game Download it off-line, because if the device is Rugby Game Download played Rugby Game Download back on-line all synchronized devices have Rugby Game Download Books To Download to Rugby Game Download locate the playback point and wait for each other to be in synchronization.[2] Rugby Game Download (For further related Rugby Game Download discussion, Rugby Game Download see MIDI timecode, word sync, and recording system synchronization.)
A Rugby Game Download third example of a common use of these Rugby Game Download concepts is a web browser that can be instructed to be in either "on-line" or "off-line" states. Rugby Game Download The browser only attempts to fetch pages from servers whilst in the "on-line" state. In the "off-line" state, users can perform offline browsing, where pages can be browsed using local copies of those Rugby Game Download pages that have previously been downloaded whilst in the "on-line" state. This can be useful when the computer itself is also off-line, with connection to Internet expensive or impossible. The pages are either downloaded implicitly Rugby Game Download into the web browser's own cache, as a result of prior on-line browsing by the user, or explicitly by the Rugby Game Download browser being configured to keep local copies of certain web pages, which it Rugby Game Download keeps updated when the browser is in the on-line state, either by checking that the local copies are up-to-date at regular intervals or by checking that the local copies are up-to-date whenever the browser is Rugby Game Download switched to the on-line state. One such web browser capable of being explicitly configured to download pages for offline browsing is Internet Explorer. When pages are added Rugby Game Download to the "Favourites" list, they can be Rugby Game Download marked for being made Rugby Game Download "available for offline browsing". Internet Explorer will download to local copies both the marked page Rugby Game Download and, optionally, all of the pages that it links to. In Internet Explorer version 6, the level of direct and indirect links, the maximum amount Rugby Game Download of local disc space allowed to be consumed, and the schedule on which Rugby Game Download local copies are checked to Rugby Game Download see whether they are up-to-date, are configurable for each individual "Favourite" entry.
See also:
Offline browsing known as "Offline Rugby Game Download favourites" was removed as a feature in the most recent version of Rugby Game Download Internet Explorer 7, which only now supports single web page saving, but not Rugby Game Download browsing or storing an entire site offline.[citation Rugby Game Download needed]
Similarly, off-line storage is computer storage Rugby Game Download that is not "available for immediate use Rugby Game Download on Rugby Game Download demand by the system without human intervention", i.e it is storage that Rugby Game Download is Rugby Game Download off-line.
The Rugby Game Download ideas of "on-line" and "off-line" have been generalized Rugby Game Download from computing and telecommunication into the field of human interpersonal relationships. The distinction between what is considered "on-line" and what is considered "off-line" has become a subject of study in the field of sociology.[7]
The distinction between Rugby Game Download "on-line" and "off-line" is conventionally seen as the distinction between Rugby Game Download computer-mediated communication and face-to-face communication (e.g. face time), respectively. "On-line" is virtuality, and "off-line" is reality (e.g. real life Rugby Game Download or meatspace). Slater states that this distinction is "obviously far too simple". To support his argument that the distinctions in relationships are more Rugby Game Download complex than In Memoriam Tose Proeski Download a simple "on-line"/"off-line" dichotomy, he observes that some Rugby Game Download people draw no Rugby Game Download distinction between an "on-line" relationship, such as indulging in cybersex, and an "off-line" relationship, such as being Rugby Game Download pen-pals. He also argues that even the telephone can be Rugby Game Download regarded as an "on-line" experience in some circumstances, and Song Download that the blurring of the distinctions between Rugby Game Download the uses of various technologies (such as PDA and mobile telephone, television and Internet, and telephone and voice-over-IP) has Rugby Game Download made it "impossible to use the term 'on-line' meaningfully in the sense that was employed by Rugby Game Download the first generation of Internet research".[7]
Slater asserts that there Rugby Game Download are legal and regulatory pressures to reduce the distinction between "on-line" and "off-line", with a "general tendency to assimilate online to offline and erase the distinction", stressing, however, that this does not mean that on-line relationships are being reduced to pre-existing off-line relationships. He conjectures that greater legal status may Rugby Game Download be assigned to Rugby Game Download on-line relationships (pointing out that contractual relationships, such as business transactions, on-line are already seen as just Rugby Game Download as "real" as their off-line counterparts), although he states it to be hard to imagine courts Rugby Game Download awarding palimony to people who have had a purely on-line sexual relationship. Rugby Game Download He also conjectures that an "on-line"/"off-line" distinction may be seen by people as Rugby Game Download "rather quaint and not quite comprehensible" within 10 years.[7]
The distinction where "on-line" Rugby Game Download is seen as virtuality and "off-line" as reality is sometimes inverted, with "on-line" concepts being used to define and to explain "off-line" activities, rather than (as per the Rugby Game Download conventions of the Rugby Game Download desktop metaphor with its desktops, trash cans, folders, and so forth) the other way around. Several cartoons Rugby Game Download by The New Yorker have satirized this. One includes Saint Peter asking for a user name and a password before admitting a man into Rugby Game Download Heaven. Another illustrates "the off-line store" where "All items are actual size!", where shoppers may Rugby Game Download "Take it home as soon as you Rugby Game Download pay for it!", and where "Merchandise may be handled prior to purchase!". |
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